[begin page 914]

Each of the fifteen texts described in “Authoritative Texts” below contains readings pertinent to the establishment of an accurate text for this edition of Roughing It. Many of these are texts written by Mark Twain before he composed Roughing It—sketches, articles, and newspaper letters—which he revised and incorporated into the book (BE, G, SU, TE63). Others are texts written by other authors, from which he quoted in the book (BoM, HoHI, MP, NYT, PCA, TE70, VoM), or which reprinted material subsequently included in the book and which thus intervened in the chain of textual transmission (PT). The second section, “Derivative Texts,” describes reprintings of the complete text of Roughing It, or of excerpts from it, issued during Mark Twain’s lifetime. All of them, with one exception (HWb), were found to derive without authorial intervention from A, or from the “pre-Roughing It” sources BE, G, or SU. (Variants in derivative editions are not recorded in Emendations of the Copy-Text and Rejected Substantives.) The last section, “Collations,” comprises a list of collations performed and the specific copies used. Symbols and cues are explained in Emendations.

Authoritative Texts

A      First American edition. Roughing It. Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1872–1903 (BAL 3337 and reimpressions). Twenty-five impressions are known, the first four of which are dated 1872 and the last 1903. Collation revealed that several pages in A exist in more [begin page 915] than one state. For convenience, the designations below refer to whole copies, rather than to individual pages within the copies. Seven states have been identified. The earliest copy located of each state is as follows: Aa, Ab, Ac, and Ad, 1872; Ae, 1874; Af, 1877; Ag, 1892. The variants are cumulative in each state; that is, Ab contains the first variant, Ac contains that one plus one more, and so forth. The last known state, Ag, contains a total of twelve variants; they are listed in chronological order of appearance. Aa is copy-text for all of the book not specified as deriving from one of the other sources listed below (roughly 75 percent of the text).

309.18	eastern (Aa)  •  Eastern (Ab–g)
542.7	hearties (Aa–b)  •  heartiest (Ac–g)
102.28	breast-pin (Aa–c)  •  breast pin (Ad–g)
103.13	death! (Aa–c)  •  death. (Ad–g)
222.12–13	he was occupying his (Aa–c)  •  was occupying (Ad–g)
136n.6	thirteenth (Aa–d)  •  sixteenth (Ae–g)
273.2	toss2 (Aa–d)  •  toss, (Ae–g)
273.31	fortune—(Aa–d)  •  fortune⁁ (Ae–g)
91.10	[They (Aa–e)  •  ⁁They (Af–g)
136n.6	Aha! (Aa–e)  •  Aha⁁ (Af–g)
236.5	coarse (Aa–e)  •  course (Af–g)
517.11	tidal wave (Aa–f)  •  tidal-wave (Ag)

AP      American Publisher: “The Old-Time Pony Express of the Great Plains,” May 1871, 4. Eight extracts from Roughing It were printed in the American Publisher, the house journal of the American Publishing Company, between May 1871 and June 1872. Of the eight extracts, seven derived from the A typesetting; they are identified below in “Derivative Texts.” One extract, however, was typeset directly from Mark Twain’s Roughing It manuscript, or possibly from an amanuensis copy of it, and therefore contains readings that may have equal authority with A. This passage, listed below, is thus a radiating text, and all variants in it between A and AP are reported in Emendations. For a full discussion see the textual note at 50.1–52.7.

50.1–52.7

‘In . . . maybe.’

No illustrations were included.

BE      Buffalo Express. Out of the series of ten “Around the World” letters that Mark Twain published in the Buffalo Express between October 1869 and March 1870, he drew upon five—plus an additional Express sketch published in April 1870—for use in Roughing It. BE is copy-text for the passages listed below.

“Around the World. Letter No. One,” 16 October 1869, 1.

245.1–249.15

Mono . . . true.

Around the World. Letter No. 3,” 13 November 1869, 1.

387.18–392.24

The1 . . . over.”

[begin page 916]

“Around the World. Letter Number 4,” 11 December 1869, 2.

238.1–240.6	It . . . desires.	BE, ¶17–18
392.25–395.11	But . . . head.	BE, ¶1–16

“Around the World. Letter Number 5,” 18 December 1869, 2.

413.6–419.28

In . . . me.

“Around the World. Letter Number 6,” 8 January 1870, 2.

299.7–301.31	Two . . . him.	BE, ¶1–18
303.35–304.2	I . . . again.	BE, ¶19

“The Facts in the Great Land Slide Case,” 2 April 1870, 2.

221.1–227.5

The . . . understanding.

BoM      The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon, upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi. Translated by Joseph Smith, Jun. Sixth European Edition. Liverpool: Published by Brigham Young, Jun., 1866. The relevant passages in the following editions or impressions of the Book of Mormon were collated to determine Mark Twain’s most likely source for the extracts in chapter 16: first through fifth American (1830, 1837, 1840, 1842, 1858); first through sixth European (1841, 1849, 1852, 1854, 1854, 1866); and Independence (187–). Collation established that he could have used either the fifth or sixth European (English) “edition”—actually two printings of the same typesetting, with different front matter but otherwise apparently identical texts. The sixth edition has been designated copy-text for the passages listed below, since it was probably the one most readily available in 1870–71. Citations are to book, chapter, verse, and (where necessary) line: “Jacob 2:6:14–25” refers to the Book of Jacob, chapter 2, verse 6, lines 14–25.

107.26–111.2	The . . . powers:	BoM, title page (lines 1–23) and testimonial page
111.3–25	And . . . Jacob:	BoM, 1 Nephi 5:38, 5:39:1–2, 5:42
111.26–112.7	For . . . everybody:	BoM, Jacob 2:6:14–25, 2:9:11–18
112.8–36	And . . . children.	BoM, 3 Nephi 9:1:1–3, 9:2:1–8, 8:5:3–22
113.24–114.44	7. . . . written.	BoM, Ether 6:7–8, 6:9:1–25

G      Galaxy: “About a Remarkable Stranger. Being a Sandwich Island Reminiscence,” 11 (April 1871): 616–18. Mark Twain apparently revised a copy of this Galaxy printing when preparing printer’s copy for chapter 77. G is copy-text for the passage listed below.

526.1–531.22

I . . . sir.”

HoHI      History of the Hawaiian Islands, by James Jackson Jarves. Third Edition. Honolulu: Charles Edwin Hitchcock, 1847. The relevant passages in the following editions or impressions of Jarves’s book [begin page 917] were collated to determine Mark Twain’s most likely source for the extracts in his Sacramento Union letter published on 1 August 1866, which was later incorporated into chapter 68 of Roughing It: first (Boston and London, 1843); second (Boston, 1844); and third (Honolulu, 1847). Collation established that Mark Twain used the third edition. HoHI is copy-text for the passage listed below; substantive variants between HoHI and ¶20–30 of the Union letter are reported in Emendations.

469.30–472.43

On . . . abuse.

HoHI, 105 ¶1–106 ¶4

MP      The Mormon Prophet and His Harem; or, An Authentic History of Brigham Young, His Numerous Wives and Children, by Mrs. Catharine V. Waite. Fifth Edition, revised and enlarged. Chicago: J. S. Goodman and Co., 1868. Waite’s book, which Mark Twain explicitly mentions as his source for the quotations in appendix B (550.22–23), was first issued in 1866, reprinted several times, and published in a “revised and enlarged” edition in 1868. The passages quoted by Mark Twain are identical (apparently printed from the same plates) in the two editions; the 1868 edition has been designated copy-text for the passages listed below because it was probably the one most readily available in 1870–71.

550.24–551.6	A . . . God.	MP, 76 ¶1
551.29–552.21	They . . . occasion:	MP, 73 ¶4–74 ¶2
552.22–553.7	He . . . reliable:	MP, 84 ¶5–85 ¶2
553.9–38	For . . . depredations.	MP, 76 ¶3–77 ¶7

NYT      New York Times: “Across the Continent: From the Missouri to the Pacific Ocean by Rail,” by William Swinton, 28 June 1869, 1–2. Although Mark Twain explicitly names the New York Times as the source of the extract in chapter 4 (26.29), collation suggested that his actual source may have been a reprinting of the article in an unidentified newspaper, incorporating several “corrections” (actually corruptions) of the text. Nevertheless, in the belief that Mark Twain intended to present an accurate text of the Times article, regardless of the actual copy that he had access to, NYT has been chosen as copy-text for the passages listed below.

26.32–34	ACROSS . . . jaunt.	NYT, title, ¶3
26.34–37	A . . . car.	NYT, ¶8
26.37–28.5	It . . . out.	NYT, ¶12

PCA      Honolulu Pacific Commercial Advertiser: “Programme of the Funeral of Her Late Royal Highness the Princess Victoria Kamamalu Kaahumanu,” 30 June 1866, 2. Mark Twain probably used a clipping of this program when preparing his Sacramento Union letter published on 1 August 1866. The Union letter was later incorporated into Roughing It. PCA is copy-text for the passage listed below; substantive variants between PCA and ¶8 of the Union letter are reported in Emendations. For a full discussion see the textual note at 466.19–468.3.

466.19–468.3

Undertaker . . . Force.

[begin page 918] Pr      Prospectus. Roughing It. Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1871 and 1872. The prospectus was issued in two states, Pra (first copy bound on 22 November 1871) and Prb (first copy bound on 23 January 1872). Both states include eighty pages of selections from the book, plus two pages of advertising, a one-page “Publisher’s Announcement,” a page giving the prices of copies in the available bindings, and thirty-two blank ruled pages for the salesman to record his orders. Included in the advertising is an illustration from chapter 20 that does not appear elsewhere in Pr; it is printed on page 131 of this edition. Pr never serves as copy-text, although in one instance it is a source of emendation (see the textual note at 350.15–353.10). Except for one instance (see the entry below at 113.39–115.1), the make-up of the Pra pages—exclusive of folios and running heads—is identical to that of the corresponding A pages; all of the pages in Prb are identical in make-up to those in A. Unlike the pages in prospectuses for other works by Mark Twain, those in the Roughing It prospectus were not bound in the correct first-edition sequence. The first table below lists the contents in the order in which they appear in Pra and identifies the differences between Pra and Prb. Some minor variation has been noted among the copies of Pra examined in the number and placement of full-page illustrations, but since these are inserted plates, their placement does not affect the composition of type or imposition of pages; the table describes Pra (collection of Dorothy Goldberg). Only one copy of Prb has been examined (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872p). Prb contains the same pages as Pra (with the exception noted above), bound in the order shown in the second table. Both prospectuses contain the first-edition title page, copyright page, dedication page, and “Prefatory”; the title and copyright pages in Pra read “1871,” and in Prb read “1872.” The symbol “A” signifies “identical to A”; the symbol “Pra” signifies “identical to Pra.”

contents of pra and prb, in pra order

Page.line (C)	Cue / Description	Pra	Prb	Chapter: page (A)
218 illus	camping in the snow.	A	A	frontispiece #1
xx illus	the miner’s dream.	not in	A	frontispiece #2
xxv title–b.6	List . . . 49	A	A	v
xxvb.7– xxviiib.28	35. . . . 543	contains four blank pages with folios vii–x, headed ‘Illus-trations.’	A	vi–x
xxix title– xxxi.20	Contents . . . 122	A	A	xi–xii
xxxi.21– xxxii.27	CHAPTER . . . 179	page numbers for chapters not yet supplied	A	xiii

[begin page 919]

xxxii.28– xxxvi.22	CHAPTER . . . 396	contains three blank pages with folios xiv–xvi, headed ‘Contents.’	A	xiv–xvi
1.1–3.8	My . . . so.	A	A	1:19–21
4.1–9.11	The . . . under	A	A	2:22–27
10.1–22	About . . . curtain,	A	A	3:29
11.25–14.12	legs . . . miniature	A	A	3:31–33 last page ends ‘minia-|’
15.23–17.15	jackass . . . height.	A	A	3:35–36
18.24–19.12	ourselves . . . every	A	A	4:38
79 illus	the south pass.	not in	A	12: facing 100
521 illus	a view in the iao valley.	A	A	76: facing 547
347.9–353.18	I1 . . . ashore.	pages lack folios and chapter identification	pages have correct folios except for folios 373–74, which are reversed, although the pages are in the correct order	51:369–75
303.32–307.15	some . . . us.”	325, 327, 328 numbered ‘1, 3, 4’ without chapter identification; 326 unnumbered	A	46:325–28
107.1–22	All . . . it	page headed (incorrectly) ‘CHAPTER XVII.’	A	16:127
108.31–111.6	these . . . and2	pages numbered ‘17-3, 17-4’ to indicate pages 3 and 4 of (incorrect) chapter 17	A	16:129–130
42.25–44.6	worth . . . holding	pages numbered with (incorrect) folios ‘77, 78’	A	7:62–63 last page ends ‘hold-|’
296 illus	the great “flour sack” procession.	A	A	45: facing 317
50.1–54.1	In . . . with	A	A	8:70–73

[begin page 920]

144.19–146.20	The . . . enemy.	165 numbered ‘4’; 166–67 numbered ‘22-5, 22-6’ to indicate pages 5 and 6 of (incorrect) chapter 22	A	21:165–67
532.1–536.29	After . . . well.	558 headed (incorrectly) ‘CHAPTER LXXV.’; 559–63 numbered ‘2-75, 3-75, 4-75, 5-75, 6-75’ to indicate pages 2 through 6 of (incorrect) chapter 75	Pra	78:558–63
60.1–62.3	Really . . . which	A	A	10:80–81
63.38–64.13 | 64n.1	and . . . practices. | *“The . . . Dimsdale.	A	A	10:84
155 illus	fire at lake tahoe.	A	A	23: facing 176
518.1–520.26	We . . . such	544 headed (incorrectly) ‘CHAPTER LXXIII.’ and numbered ‘1-73’; 545–46 numbered ‘2-73, 3-73’ to indicate pages 2 and 3 of (incorrect) chapter 73	like Pra, except that 544 lacks the number ‘1-73’	76:544–46
152.25–157.13	conquering . . . history.	pages numbered ‘24-2, 24-3, 24-4, 24-5’ to indicate pages 2, 3, 4, and 5 of (incorrect) chapter 24; illustration on 24-2 does not appear on 174 in A, but on 169 (117 in C), and type on 24-2 wraps around on left side rather than right; caption matches A 174	A	23:174–77 first page begins ‘quering’
48.16–49.24	cocoanut . . . boys.”	A	A	7:68–69 first page begins ‘nut’
76.24–82.14	world . . . the2	A	A	12:98–102
32.18–33.3	is2 . . . pie.”	A	A	5:51

[begin page 921]

113.39–115.1	camps . . . dreary	page numbered ‘17-8’ to indicate page 8 of (incorrect) chapter 17	not in; includes revised page described in next entry instead	16:134.25– 135.28
114.18–115n.1	wine . . . *Milton.	not in; includes page described in previous entry instead	A	16:135
244 illus	mono lake. ‘lake mono.’ in Pr; emended	A	A	38: facing 265
99.25–106.7	daughters . . . Mormons.	pages numbered ‘16-2, 16-3, 16-4, 16-5, 16-6, 16-7, 16-8’ to indicate pages 2 through 8 of (incorrect) chapter 16	A	15:120–26
158.1–164.16	I1 . . . I	178 headed (incorrectly) ‘CHAPTER XXV.’; 180–81 numbered ‘25-3, 25-4’ to indicate pages 3 and 4 of (incorrect) chapter 25; 179 and 182–83 have no folios or chapter identification	A	24:178–83
520.26–522.23	an . . . to	page numbered ‘4-73’ to indicate page 4 of (incorrect) chapter 73	Pra	76:547
523.20–525.7	only . . . always.	pages numbered ‘6-73, 7-73’ to indicate pages 6 and 7 of (incorrect) chapter 73	Pra	76:549–50
479 illus	going into the mountains.	A	A	69: facing 502

order of contents in prb

Page.line (C)	Cue/Description
218 illus	camping in the snow.
xx illus	the miner’s dream.
xxv title–xxxvi.22	List . . . 396
155 illus	fire at lake tahoe.
1.1–3.8	My . . . so.
4.1–9.11	The . . . under
10.1–22	About . . . curtain,
11.25–14.12	legs . . . miniature

[begin page 922]

15.23–17.15	jackass . . . height.
18.24–19.12	ourselves . . . every
79 illus	the south pass.
50.1–54.1	In . . . with
144.19–146.20	The . . . enemy.
532.1–536.29	After . . . well.
60.1–62.3	Really . . . which
63.38–64.13 | 64n.1	and . . . practices. | *“The . . . Dimsdale.
479 illus	going into the mountains.
518.1–520.26	We . . . such
152.25–157.3	conquering . . . history. first page begins ‘quering’]
48.16–49.24	cocoanut . . . boys.” first page begins ‘nut’]
76.24–82.14	world . . . the2
32.18–33.3	is2 . . . pie.”
114.18–115n.1	wine . . . *Milton.
521 illus	a view in the iao valley.
99.25–106.7	daughters . . . Mormons.
158.1–164.16	I1 . . . I
520.26–522.23	an . . . to
523.20–525.7	only . . . always.
296 illus	the great “flour sack” procession.
304.31–307.15	“Say . . . us.”
107.1–22	All . . . it
108.31–111.6	these . . . and2
42.25–44.6	worth . . . holding last page ends ‘hold-|’
347.9–353.18	I1 . . . ashore.
303.32–304.30	some . . . driver:
244 illus	mono lake. ‘lake mono.’ in Pr; emended

PT      People’s Tribune: “A Seeming Plot for Assassination Miscarried,” by Conrad Wiegand, 1 (February 1870): 10–12, a reprinting of TE70 (see below). Although collation established that PT was Mark Twain’s actual source for the text of Wiegand’s letter in appendix C, TE70 is copy-text for the passage in this edition. All substantive variants between PT and TE70 are reported in Emendations. For a full discussion see the textual note at 555.3–569.38.

555.3–569.38

From . . . M. T.]

SU      Sacramento Union. Out of the series of twenty-five Sandwich Islands letters that Mark Twain published in the Union between April and November 1866, he drew upon thirteen—with significant revisions and deletions—for use in Roughing It. As indicated below, many of these letters survive as clippings in scrapbooks that Orion Clemens compiled; since none of the scrapbook clippings shows any sign of revision, Mark Twain must have used other copies of the clippings to prepare the printer’s copy of Roughing It. In addition to emendations of the texts he did use, all of the material in these thirteen letters which he decided not [begin page 923] to reuse—approximately 60 percent of the text—is reported in full in Emendations. SU is copy-text for the passages listed below.

“Scenes in Honolulu—No. 4,” 19 April 1866, 2, clippings in Scrapbook 6:109–10 and Scrapbook 7:41–43, CU-MARK.

431.9–434.2

then . . . sail—

“Scenes in Honolulu—No. 5,” 20 April 1866, 2, clippings in Scrapbook 6:110–11 and Scrapbook 7:43, CU-MARK.

454.15–456.6

Society . . . shoved.”

“Scenes in Honolulu—No. 6,” 21 April 1866, 3, clippings in Scrapbook 6:111–12 and Scrapbook 7:43–47, CU-MARK.

436.2–438.21	I . . . about.	SU, ¶1–4
439.1–441.20	A . . . itself.	SU, ¶15–22
444.16–448.18	This . . . expense.	SU, ¶5–14

“Scenes in Honolulu—No. 7,” 24 April 1866, 4, clipping in Scrapbook 6:112–13, CU-MARK.

442 title–444.15	CHAPTER . . . business.	SU, ¶1–23
448.19–450 title	It . . . CHAPTER 66	SU, ¶24

“Scenes in Honolulu—No. 8,” 21 May 1866, 3.

450.1–453.37

Passing . . . art.

“Scenes in Honolulu—No. 12,” 20 June 1866, 1, clipping in Scrapbook 6:116–17, CU-MARK.

457 title–458.18

CHAPTER . . . etc.2

“Scenes in Honolulu—No. 15,” 1 August 1866, 1, clipping in Scrapbook 6:122–23, CU-MARK.

466.15–18	After . . . procured:	SU, ¶1–8
468.4–469.29	I . . . came:	SU, ¶9–19
472.44–475 title	You . . . CHAPTER 69	SU, ¶31–34

“Letter from Honolulu,” 18 August 1866, 1.

475.1–480.2

Bound . . . fruit.

“From the Sandwich Islands,” 24 August 1866, 3.

480.3–24	At . . . required.	SU, ¶1–13
489.1–491.24	At . . . retaliation.	SU, ¶14–33

“From the Sandwich Islands,” 30 August 1866, 3.

491.25–492.20

Near . . . innocent.

“From the Sandwich Islands,” 6 September 1866, 3.

493 title–495.14

CHAPTER . . . point.

“From the Sandwich Islands,” 22 September 1866, 1.

495.15–506.4

I1 . . . charge.

“Letter from Honolulu,” 16 November 1866, 1.

508.1–10	By . . . like.	SU, ¶1–6
508.11–23	A . . . revelation.	SU, ¶15
508.24–512.8	Arrived . . . hotel.	SU, ¶7–16

TE63      Virginia City Territorial Enterprise: “Ye Bulletin Cyphereth,” 27 August 1863, Scrapbook 2:70, CU-MARK. Mark Twain probably had two clippings of this article, which he had written for the Enterprise [begin page 924] several years earlier. One still survives in a scrapbook, and the other he apparently incorporated into the printer’s copy for Roughing It. TE63 is copy-text for the passage listed below.

355n.1–356n.3

*Mr. . . . M. T.]

TE70      Virginia City Territorial Enterprise: “Mr. Winters’ Assault on Conrad Wiegand,” by Conrad Wiegand, 20 January 1870, 1. Although the heading “From the Territorial Enterprise, Jan. 20, 1870” (555.3) implies that the text of the letter by Conrad Wiegand reproduced in appendix C is taken from the Enterprise, collation established that the actual source was a reprinting of the letter in the Gold Hill (Nevada) People’s Tribune (see PT above). Nevertheless, TE70 has been designated copy-text for the passage listed below. The rationale for this selection, as well as a full explanation of the emendation policy for this appendix, may be found in the textual note at 555.3–569.38.

555.3–569.38

From . . . M. T.]

VoM      The Vigilantes of Montana, or Popular Justice in the Rocky Mountains. Being a Correct and Impartial Narrative of the Chase, Trial, Capture and Execution of Henry Plummer’s Road Agent Band, Together with Accounts of the Lives and Crimes of Many of the Robbers and Desperadoes, the Whole Being Interspersed with Sketches of Life in the Mining Camps of the “Far West;” Forming the Only Reliable Work on the Subject Ever Offered the Public, by Prof. Thomas J. Dimsdale. Virginia City, Montana Territory: Montana Post Press, 1866. Mark Twain explicitly mentions Dimsdale’s book as his source for the quotations in the two chapters on the desperado Slade (64n.1, 69.5–8); it was issued in only one edition, which is copy-text for the passages listed below.

63.35–64.2	On . . . paragraph:	VoM, 175 ¶2
64.3–9	While . . . execution.	VoM, 175 ¶1
64.9–11	Stories . . . line.	VoM, 175 ¶4
64.11–13	As . . . practices.	VoM, 175 ¶3
69.5–13	“The . . . picturesque:	VoM, title page
69.13–17	“Those . . . incarnate.”	VoM, 167 ¶2, lines 19–24
69.17–21	And . . . mine:	VoM, 175 ¶3, lines 3–4
69.22–74.18	After . . . feelings.	VoM, 167 ¶3–173 ¶3

Derivative Texts

AP      American Publisher. The following seven extracts published in the American Publisher derived from A without authorial revision or intervention. The first four were evidently typeset from page proofs of A or from Pr. The last three were probably typeset from a bound copy of A.

“My First Lecture,” December 1871, 4. Includes three illustrations from A, with captions (see pages 535–36).

533.5–536.29

I . . . well.

[begin page 925]

“A Nabob’s Visit to New York,” January 1872, 4. Includes three illustrations from A, without captions (see pages 305–6).

304.3–307.15

In . . . us.”

“Dollinger the Aged Pilot Man,” February 1872, 8. Includes five illustrations from A, without captions (see pages 348–52).

347.9–353.18

I1 . . . ashore.

Untitled extract, February 1872, 8. No illustrations included.

101.9–103.9

Mr. . . . mountains.

“Roughing It,” March 1872, 8. Includes three illustrations from A, without captions (see pages 393–95).

391.27–395n.1

It1 . . . M.T.

“Horace Greeley’s Ride,” April 1872, 8. Includes two illustrations from A, without captions (see pages 131 and 134).

131.7–136.5

On . . . Greeley.*

“Mark Twain on the Mormons,” June 1872, 8. Includes four illustrations from A, with captions (see pages 100, 101, 104, and 105).

99.14–106.2

And . . . it.”

Aus      Australian edition. 2 vols. The Innocents at Home, Part I—Roughing It and The Innocents at Home, Part II—The Pacific Coast. Melbourne: George Robertson, 1872. Although this unillustrated edition resembles E physically, it was typeset from Ad and includes the appendixes of A, which E lacks. Unlike E, it does not contain “A Burlesque Autobiography.” A “Notice” on an inserted slip reads: “This edition of ‘The Innocents at Home’ is reissued by authority from Messrs. George Routledge & Sons, of London, who are owners of the British Copyright.” In 1873 Robertson reissued these two volumes, bound together in one volume, as The Innocents at Home, which includes separate title pages for the two parts.
E      First English edition, first issue. “Roughing It” (BAL 3335) and The Innocents at Home (BAL 3336). London: George Routledge and Sons, 1872. This unillustrated edition was typeset from proof sheets of Aa, but lacks the appendixes included in all states of A. The second volume, however, concludes with “A Burlesque Autobiography,” which was not included in A. Soon after the appearance of both volumes as the “Copyright Edition,” the first volume (but not the second) was reissued as the “Author’s English Edition” (BAL 3599). This volume was then bound together with the “Copyright Edition” of The Innocents at Home to create the single-volume edition of Roughing It and the Innocents at Home (George Routledge and Sons, 1872). The Innocents at Home, printed from the Routledge plates, was also issued in Toronto by the Musson Book Company sometime after 1901. No Musson issue of Roughing It has been located.
PJks      Practical Jokes with Artemus Ward, Including the Story of the Man Who Fought Cats. By Mark Twain and Other Humourists. [begin page 926] London: John Camden Hotten, [1872]. BAL 3342. For a full discussion of PJks, HWa, HWaMT, and HWb, see the Introduction, pages 893–95. The three sketches marked with an asterisk below derived from E. The fourth sketch was typeset directly from G and therefore includes none of the revisions that Mark Twain carried out on G when preparing A.

*“Editorial Skits”: A → E → PJks

339.13–26

Once . . . stranger!”

“Mark Twain’s Remarkable Stranger”: G → PJks

526.11–531.22

I . . . sir.”

*“Sending Them Through”: A → E → PJks

38.4–40.3

No . . . boy.

*“The Union—Right or Wrong?”: A → E → PJks

278.11–281.3

We . . . had.

HWa      The Choice Humorous Works of Mark Twain. Now First Collected. With Extra Passages to the “Innocents Abroad,” Now First Reprinted, and a Life of the Author. London: John Camden Hotten, [1873]. BAL 3351. Mark Twain revised and corrected a set of sheets of HWa (HWaMT, now at NN); his changes were incorporated into HWb. The four sketches marked with an asterisk below derived ultimately from A: three through E, and one apparently through AP. The other four derived as noted. The collation entries listed below record the textual history of words occurring in passages deriving from A which Mark Twain revised in HWaMT, but do not report other variants between A and HWa.

“Baker’s Cat”: BE → Scrs → HWa → HWaMT → HWb

416.9–419.28

Whenever . . . me.

The HWa text derived ultimately from BE (SLC 1869o), through an intervening printing in Screamers: A Gathering of Scraps of Humour, Delicious Bits, & Short Stories (London: John Camden Hotten, [1871]).

“Honoured as a Curiosity in Honolulu”: SU → Cal → JF1 → JF2 → JF3 → HWa → HWaMT no revision → HWb

454.16–456.6

If . . . shoved.”

The HWa text derived ultimately from a piece entitled “Etiquette” in SU (SLC 1866m), through intervening printings in the Californian and three successive editions of The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (JF1, New York: C.H. Webb, 1867; JF2, London: George Routledge and Sons, 1867 [unauthorized]; JF3, London: John Camden Hotten, [1870] [unauthorized]). HWaMT contains no revisions.

*“Mark in Mormonland”: A → E → HWa → HWaMTdeleted

100.1–106.7

According . . . Mormons.

The HWa text derived from A, through E; Mark Twain deleted it without revision on HWaMT.

[begin page 927]

*“A Nabob’s Visit to New York”: A → AP → HWa → HWaMT → HWb

304.3–307.15

In . . . us.”

The HWa text derived from A; the collation entry at 305.10 suggests that it was typeset from AP.

305.3	Ride it (A–AP, HWaMT–HWb)  •  Ride (HWa)
305.10	stared (A)  •  started for (HWa); stared for (AP, HWaMT–HWb)
305.24	can’t (A–AP, HWaMT–HWb)  •  shan’t (HWa)
305.36	reckon—(A–AP, HWaMT–HWb)  •  reckon⁁ (HWa)
306.18	cleats (A–AP, HWaMT–HWb)  •  bleats (HWa)
307.14	had (A–AP, HWaMT–HWb)  •  have (HWa)

“A Remarkable Stranger”: G → PJks → HWa → HWaMT → HWb

526.11–531.22

I . . . sir.”

The HWa text derived ultimately from G, through PJks.

*“Sending Them Through”: A → E → PJks → HWa → HWaMT → HWb

38.4–40.3

No . . . boy.

The HWa text derived from A, through E and PJks.

39.6	who? (A–E, HWaMT–HWb)  •  what? (PJks–HWa) [SLC in HWaMT margin: “God damn the hound who altered that.”]
39.7	who? (A–E)  •  what? (PJks–HWa); who? (HWaMT–HWb)
39.8	Moses, (A–E)  •  Moses was (PJks–HWa); Moses (HWaMT–HWb)

“The Steed ‘Oahu’ ”: SU → Cal → JF1 → JF2 → JF3 → HWa → HWaMT → HWb

437.5–438.7

The . . . storm.

The publication history of the HWa text is identical to that of “Honoured as a Curiosity in Honolulu” (see above).

*“The Union—Right or Wrong?”: A → E → PJks → HWa → HWaMT → HWb

278.11–281.3

We . . . had.

The HWa text derived from A, through E and PJks. (The designation “A–HWa” means that the reading is identical in A, E, PJks, and HWa.)

278.31–279.1	get . . . have1 (A–E)  •  get (PJks–HWb) this corruption necessitated SLC’s revision at 279.2
279.2	they will (A–HWa)  •  I can (HWaMT–HWb)
279.6	rational (A–HWa)  •  human (HWaMT–HWb)
280.11	But (A–HWa)  •  no ¶ But (HWaMT–HWb) [SLC in HWaMT margin: “No ¶”]
280.11	friendly. The (A–E)  •  friendly![¶] The (PJks–HWa); friendly. [¶] The (HWaMT–HWb)

HWb      The Choice Humorous Works of Mark Twain. Revised and Corrected by the Author. With Life and Portrait of the Author, and [begin page 928] Numerous Illustrations. London: Chatto and Windus, 1874. BAL 3605. HWb incorporated the revisions inscribed by Mark Twain on HWaMT; all the texts were therefore merely new impressions of HWa, with corrected plates. All but one of the Roughing It sketches in HWa were reprinted in HWb; Mark Twain canceled “Mark in Mormonland.” Later reprintings of “Honoured as a Curiosity in Honolulu”—in Mark Twain’s Sketches, New and Old (American Publishing Company, 1875), Information Wanted (George Routledge and Sons, [1876]), and Sketches by Mark Twain (Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1883)—derived from HWb without authorial revision.
Can      Canadian edition. Roughing It. Toronto: Belford and Co., 1880. This unauthorized, abridged edition was set from Af. It contains 71 instead of 79 chapters: chapters 22, 36, 45, 49, 52, 71, 72, and 77 were omitted, as were the appendixes. Although “Fully Illustrated by Eminent Artists,” according to the title page, it contains relatively few illustrations, some possibly tracings of illustrations in A and others probably stock cuts chosen for their fancied appropriateness. In July 1880, Belford and Company issued an impression of this edition, in a two-column format resembling a magazine or small newspaper, as “The Belford Library,” no. 9 (July [n.y.]). Although this impression looks very different from the book issued by Belford, it was printed from the same type, reimposed line for line, some 75 lines per page. The year of the Belford Library impression is implied by the presence, below the masthead and title, of a quotation taken from a review of A Tramp Abroad which appeared in the London Athenaeum no. 2739 (24 Apr 80): 529–30. Undated reprints of this edition were issued by Rose-Belford Publishing Company and Rose Publishing Company; Rose-Belford was in operation until 1883, and Rose from 1883 until 1894.
Tau      Continental edition. 2 vols. Roughing It and The Innocents at Home. Authorized Edition. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1880–81. BAL 3627. Collection of British Authors, volumes 1929 and 1948. This unillustrated edition was typeset from E. Like E, volume 2 includes “A Burlesque Autobiography” and omits the appendixes included in A.
E2      Second English edition. 1 vol. Roughing It and The Innocents at Home. Illustrated by F.A. Fraser. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1882. BAL 3630. This edition was typeset from E but contains many corrected readings from A, including one variant (“sixteenth” at 136n.6) introduced in Ae, as well as the appendixes of A that were omitted from E. Like E, however, it includes “A Burlesque Autobiography.” An 1883 impression of E2 is recorded as BAL 3635. In 1885 Chatto and Windus acquired the plates of E2 from Routledge, together with 1536 copies of the book in quires. Chatto issued these copies with a cancel title page bearing its own imprint in 1885, and produced another printing in 1889. The two Routledge impressions and the 1889 Chatto impression were sold at 7s. 6d. in decorated red cloth. In 1897 Chatto and Windus issued the first of a [begin page 929] number of impressions printed from the same plates but priced at 3s. 6d. and bound in dark blue cloth stamped in gold on the front cover and spine.
LoH      Mark Twain’s Library of Humor. New York: Charles L. Webster and Co., 1888. BAL 3425. This edition was also issued in Montreal by the Dawson Brothers (1888), an authorized printing from duplicate plates of LoH. The texts of all five Roughing It excerpts were typeset from A.

“The Cayote”

30.5–34.12

Along . . . parents.

“Dick Baker’s Cat”

416.1–419.25

One . . . mining.”

“A Genuine Mexican Plug”

158.1–165.12

I1 . . . perhaps.

“Lost in the Snow”

207.14–219.24

We . . . cards!

“Nevada Nabobs in New York”

304.3–307.15

In . . . us.”

LoHE      Mark Twain’s Library of Humour. London: Chatto and Windus, 1888 and 1897. BAL 1982. This authorized edition contains all of the Roughing It selections in LoH, from which it was typeset.
SAH      Selections from American Humour. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1888. BAL 3646. The texts of both Roughing It excerpts were typeset from LoH.

“Dick Baker’s Cat”

416.1–419.25

One . . . mining.”

“A Genuine Mexican Plug”

158.1–165.12

I1 . . . perhaps.

A2      Second American edition. 2 vols. Roughing It. Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1899, 1901, and 1903; London: Chatto and Windus, 1899; New York: Harper and Brothers, 1903–?14. BAL 3456. This edition was typeset from Ag. The three earliest impressions, all issued in 1899, were called the Autograph, Royal, and Popular “editions.” All later impressions include corrections in the plates suggested by Forrest Morgan, a proofreader for the American Publishing Company; Mark Twain was evidently consulted in only one instance: see the textual note at 416.4.1 These corrections first appeared in two other 1899 impressions [begin page 930] called the Japan and DeLuxe editions. Later impressions include the Hillcrest edition, issued by the American Publishing Company in 1903, and also by Harper and Brothers from 1903 to 1906; the Author’s National edition; and the Uniform Library edition issued by Harper from about 1904 to 1914, both as two volumes and as two volumes in one. In 1915, Harper issued a new, more compact, two-volume edition as the Limp Leather edition. Whereas in A2 volume 1 ends on page 326 and volume 2 on page 366, in this later edition volume 1 ends on unnumbered page 287 and volume 2 on unnumbered page 330. The new plates were used subsequently to produce the regular Harper edition, which bore no “edition” name, both in two volumes and in two volumes bound as one, and the two-volume Definitive edition published in 1922 by Gabriel Wells. A copy of Roughing It now in the Mark Twain Papers, issued by Harper and Row in 1969, was printed from the same setting of type.

Below is a list of additional books known to have reprinted excerpts from Roughing It during the author’s lifetime (newspaper reprintings are not included). There is no evidence to suggest that they incorporate Mark Twain’s revisions or corrections, but the possibility of authorial intervention cannot be ruled out entirely, since the excerpted texts have not been collated.

That Convention; or, Five Days a Politician. By F. G. W. et als. By Fletcher G. Welch. New York and Chicago: F. G. Welch and Co., 1872. BAL, 2:246. “The Champion Chirography of the Modern Cincinnatus.”

Howard’s Recitations. Comic, Serious, and Pathetic. Edited by Clarence J. Howard. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, [1872]. BAL, 2:246. “Buck Fanshaw’s Funeral.”

One Hundred Choice Selections No. 9. Compiled by Phineas Garrett. Philadelphia and Chicago: P. Garrett and Co., 1874. BAL, 2:247. “Buck Fanshaw’s Funeral.”

The Pacific Coast Fourth Reader. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft and Co., 1874. “The Pony Rider,” “A Nevada Quartz-Mill” (parts 1 and 2), and “The Coyote.”

The Elocutionist’s Annual Number 2. Edited by J. W. Shoemaker. Philadelphia: J. W. Shoemaker and Co., 1875. BAL, 2:247. “Buck Fanshaw’s Funeral.”

Speechiana. New York: Happy Hours Co., [1875?]. “Buck Fanshaw’s Funeral.”

Record of the Year, 1:4 (April 1876). Reissued in Parlor Table Companion. New York: G. W. Carleton and Co., 1877. BAL 3376. “Mark Twain Buys a Horse.”

The Reading Club and Handy Speaker. Number 6. Edited by George M. Baker. Boston: Lee and Shepard; New York: Charles T. Dillingham, 1879. BAL, 2:249. “Greeley’s Ride.”

[begin page 931] Wit and Humor of the Age . . . by Mark Twain, Robt. J. Burdette, Josh Billings, Alex. Sweet, Eli Perkins. With the Philosophy of Wit and Humor, by Melville D. Landon. Chicago: Western Publishing House, 1883. BAL 3633 and 11220; reprinted by various publishers, sometimes entitled Library of Wit and Humor by Mark Twain and Others. “Mark Twain on the First Woman in Nevada,” “Mark Twain’s Nevada Funeral—Scotty Briggs and the Clergyman,” and “Mark Twain on the First San Francisco Baby.”

Selections of American Humor in Prose and Verse. Leipzig: Gressner and Schramm, [1883]. “The Aged Pilot Man.”

Choice Bits from Mark Twain. London: Diprose and Bateman, [1885]. BAL 3639. “Baker’s Cat” and “Sending Them Through.”

Chambers’s New Reciter: Comprising Selections from the Works of I. Zangwill . . . [et al.] Edited by R. C. H. Morison. London: W. and R. Chambers, 1900. “Buck Fanshaw’s Funeral.”

Masterpieces of Wit and Humor with Stories and an Introduction by Robert J. Burdette. Copyright, 1902, by E. J. Long. BAL 2013 and 3473. “The Funeral of Buck Fanshaw.”

Mark Twain’s Library of Humor: The Primrose Way. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1906. BAL 3668. “Buck Fanshaw’s Funeral.”

The American Press Humorists’ Book. Edited and published by Frank Thompson Searight. Los Angeles: Frank Thompson Searight, 1907. BAL 3501. “Mark Twain Recalls an Incident of Carson Days” [Nevada nabobs in New York].

Like most books printed in the latter half of the nineteenth century, all copies of the first American edition of Roughing It were manufactured with acidic paper that has deteriorated over time, rendering the volumes extremely fragile. To reduce unnecessary damage to copies in CU-MARK, the text was initially transcribed and many collations were performed using copies of a modern facsimile of Ac (N.Y.: Hippocrene Books, [1987]). Variant readings, however, were always checked in actual first-edition copies.

Printer’s copy for this edition was initially prepared by two typists, each of whom keyed the entire text of the first edition from a copy of the Ac facsimile on a microcomputer using WordPerfect software, version 5.0. DocuComp software, version 1.2, was used to compare the two transcriptions electronically and to generate a list of the differences between them. The typographical errors thus revealed were purged from the text. Passages based on sources other than A were then altered to bring them into conformity with their several copy-texts, by incorporation of accepted copy-text readings (previously identified through collation), and the entire text was emended as necessary. The resulting edited text was submitted on floppy disk to Wilsted & Taylor Publishing Services of Oakland, [begin page 923] California, who converted it electronically using Penta software to enable a Linotron 202 typesetter to produce printed pages. The page proofs were proofread by a two-person team against a copy of Ab and the other copy-texts. It was thus possible to detect at this stage any errors that had previously been overlooked. In some half dozen instances the two typists made identical errors, which had not been identified by the DocuComp comparison. In addition, a handful of errors had been introduced by typesetter intervention. To ensure that the integrity of the corrected electronic text was preserved through successive stages of production, a final collation was performed—by superimposition on a light box—between the earliest correct version of each page and its last page proof, generated immediately before the book was printed.

The first-edition illustrations were reproduced from a copy of Ac (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872 copy 1). In addition, the points distinguishing the seven states of A from one another were checked in the following copies: Aa (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872 copy 4); Ab (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872); Ac (CU-MARK facsimile); Ac (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872c copy 1); Ac (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872a copy 2); Ad (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872a copy 4); Ae (Hirst); Af (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1888); Ag (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1900); Ag (Vi PS1318.A1 1903).

The sight collations listed below were carried out by two-person teams. The machine collations were performed on a Hinman collator. An asterisk (*) on an entry indicates that the complete collation performed for RI 1972 was not repeated; instead, sight collation was performed on selected passages only, as needed to support the conclusion that the text was wholly derivative.

sight collations

Ac (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872c copy 1, PH) vs.

AP (DLC, PH)

BE (NBu, PH)

BoM (CoDR BX8623 1866)

G (CU-MARK AP2.G2 set 2)

HoHI (CU-BANC DU625.J385)

MP (CU-BANC xF835.W18 1868)

NYT (CU-NEWS, PH)

PCA (CU-BANC, PH)

PT (CU-BANC, PH)

SU, April 1866 (CU-MARK, clippings in Scrapbook 6:109–13)

SU, May–November 1866 (CU-MARK, bound newsprint)

TE63 (CU-MARK, clipping in Scrapbook 2:70)

TE70 (CU-BANC, PH)

VoM (CU-BANC xF731.D57)

Ac (CU-MARK facsimile) vs.

Aus (NRU PS1318.Alr, PH)*

Aus (CU-MARK PS1322.1537 1873)*

[begin page 933] E(CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1880b)

PJks (IU 817.C859p, PH)*

Can (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1880a)*

Tau vol. 1 (MB PS1318.A1 1880, PH)*

Tau vol. 2 (CU-MARK PS1322.1537 1881 copy 1)*

E2 (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1882)*

LoH (CU-MARK PN6157.C5 1888 copy 5)*

LoHE (CU-MARK PN6157.C5 1888a)*

SAH (CU-MARK PRS.C55S41 1888)*

A2 (CU-MARK PS1300.E99d, vols. 7, 8)*

A2 (CU-MARK PS1300.E99c, vols. 7, 8)*

Ac (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872a copy 2) vs.

HWa (TxU Clemens B33)

HWb (TxU Clemens B34)

machine collations

Prb (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872p) vs.

Pra (collection of Dorothy Goldberg)

Ac (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872c copy 1)

Ac (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872a copy 2) vs.

Aa (CU-MARK PS1318.A1 1872 copy 4)

Ag (Vi PS1318.A1 1903)