[begin page 50]
CHAPTER 8
In
Ⓐ a little whileⒶ all interest was taken up in stretching our necks and watching for the “pony-rider”—the
fleet messenger who
sped across the continent from St. Joe to Sacramento, carrying letters nineteen hundred miles in
eight daysⒺ! Think of that for perishable horse and human flesh and blood to do! The
pony-rider was usually a little bit of a man, brim fullⒶ of spirit and endurance. No matter what time of the day or night his watch came on,
and no matter whether it was winter or
summer, raining, snowing, hailing, or sleeting, or whether his “beat” was a level
straight road or a crazy trail over
mountain crags and precipices, or whether it led through peaceful regionsⒶ or regions that swarmed with hostile Indians, he must be always ready to leap into
the saddle and be off like the wind! There
was no idling-time for a pony-rider on duty. He rode fifty miles without stopping,
by daylightⒶ, moonlight, starlight, or through the blackness of darknessⒺ—Ⓐ just as it happened. He rode a splendid horseⒶ that was born for a racerⒶ and fed and lodged like a gentleman;Ⓐ kept him at his utmost speed for ten miles, and then, as he came crashing up to the
station where stood two menⒶ holding fast a fresh, impatient steed, the transfer of rider and mail-bag was made
in the twinkling of an eye, and away flew the
eager pairⒶ and were out of sight before the spectator could get hardly the ghost of a look.
Both rider and horse went “flying
light.” The rider’s dress was thinⒶ and fitted close; he wore a “roundaboutⒶ” and a skull-cap, and tucked his pantaloons into his boot-topsⒶ like a race-rider. He carried no arms—he carried nothing that was not absolutely
necessary,Ⓐ for even the postage on his literary freight was worth
two dollars an ounce
Ⓐ
Ⓔ
Ⓐ. He got but little frivolous correspondence to carry—Ⓐ his bag had business letters in it, mostly. His horse was stripped of all unnecessary
weight, too. He wore a little wafer of a
[begin page 51] racing-saddle, and no visible blanket. He wore light shoes, or none at all. The little
flat mail-pocketsⒶ strapped under the rider’s thighsⒶ would each hold about the bulk of a child’s primer. They held many and many an important
business chapter and newspaper
letter, but these were written on paper as airy and thin as gold-leaf, nearly, and
thus bulk and weight were economized. The stage-coachⒶ
traveledⒶ about a hundred to a hundred and twenty-five miles
a day (
twenty-four
Ⓐ
hours),
Ⓐ the pony-rider about two hundred and fifty. There were about eighty pony-riders in
the saddle all the time, night and day,
stretching in a long, scattering
procession
Ⓐ from Missouri to California, forty flying
eastward
Ⓐ and forty toward the west, and among them making four hundred gallant horses earn
a stirring
livelihood
Ⓐ and see a deal of scenery every single day in the year.
We had had a consuming desire, from the beginning, to see a pony-rider, butⒶ somehow or otherⒶ all that passed usⒶ and all that met usⒶ managed to streak by in the night, and so we heard only a whiz and a hail, and the
swift phantom of the desert was goneⒶ before we could get our heads out of the windows. But now we were expecting one along
every moment, and would see him in broad
daylight. Presently the driver exclaims:
“
Here he comes
Ⓐ!”
Every neck is stretched further, and every eye strained wider. Away across the endless
dead
level of the prairieⒶ a black speck appears against the sky, and it is plain that it moves. Well, I should
think so! In a second or two it becomes a
horse and rider, rising and falling, rising and falling—sweeping toward us nearer
and nearer—growing more and more
distinct, more and more sharply defined—nearer and still nearer, and the flutter of
the hoofs comes faintly to the
ear—another instant a whoop and a hurrah from our upper deck, a wave of the rider’s
hand, but no reply, and man and horse
[begin page 52] burst past our excited faces, and go winging away like a belated fragment of a storm!
So sudden is it all, and so like a flash of unreal fancy, thatⒶ but for the flake of white foam left quivering and perishing on a mail-sackⒶ after the vision had flashed by and disappeared, we might have doubted whether we
had seen any actual horse and man at all,
maybeⒶ.Ⓐ
We rattled through Scott’s Bluffs Pass,
by and by. It was along here somewhere that we first came across genuine and unmistakable
alkali water in the road, and we cordially
hailed it as a first-class curiosity, and a thing to be mentioned with eclat in letters
to the ignorant at home. This water gave the
road a soapy appearance, and in many places the ground looked as if it had been whitewashed.
I think the strange alkali water excited
us as much as any wonder we had come upon yet, and I know we felt very complacent
and conceited, and better satisfied with life after
we had added it to our list of things which we had seen and some other people had not. In a small way we were
the same sort of simpletons as those who climb unnecessarily the perilous peaks of
Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn, and derive no
pleasure from it except the reflection that it isn’t a common experience. But once
in a while one of those parties trips and
comes darting down the long mountain cragsⒶ in a sitting posture, making the crusted snow smoke behind him, flitting from bench
to bench, and from terrace to terrace,
jarring the earth where he strikes, and still glancing and flitting on again, [begin page 53] sticking an iceberg into
himself every now and then, and tearing his clothes, snatching at things to save himself,
taking hold of trees and fetching them along
with him, roots and all, starting little rocks now and then, then big boulders, then
acres of ice and snow and patches of forest,
gathering and still gathering as he goes, adding and still adding to his massed and
sweeping grandeur as he nears a three-thousand-footⒶ precipice, till at last he waves his hat magnificently and rides into eternity on
the back of a raging and tossing
avalanche!
This is all very fine, but let us not be carried away by excitement, but ask calmly,
how does
this person feel about it in his cooler moments next day, with six or seven thousand
feet of snow and stuff on top of him?
We crossed the sand hills near the scene of the Indian mail
robbery and massacre of 1856, wherein the driver and conductor perished, and also
all the passengers but one, it was supposed; but this
must have been a mistake, for at different times afterward on the Pacific coast I
was personally acquainted with a hundred and
thirty-three or four people who were wounded during that massacre, [begin page 54] and barely escaped with their lives.
There was no doubt of the truth of it—I had it from their own lips. One of these parties
told me that he kept coming across
arrow-heads in his system for nearly seven years after the massacre; and another of
them told me that he was stuck so literally full of
arrows that after the Indians were gone and he could raise up and examine himself,
he could not restrain his tears, for his clothes
were completely ruined.
The most trustworthy tradition avers, however, that only one man, a person named Babbitt,
survived the massacre, and he was desperately woundedⒺ. He dragged himself on his hands
and knee (for one leg was broken) to a station several miles away. He did it during
portions of two nights, lying concealed one day and
part of another, and for more than forty hours suffering unimaginable anguish from
hunger, thirst and bodily pain. The Indians robbed
the coach of everything it contained, including quite an amount of treasure.
Editorial Emendations CHAPTER 8
Ⓐ
In
(A) ●
However, in (AP)
Ⓐ
while (A) ●
while, (AP)
Ⓐ
brim full (AP) ●
brim-
| ful (A)
Ⓐ
regions (A) ●
regions, (AP)
Ⓐ
daylight (A) ●
day-
| light (AP)
Ⓐ
darkness— (A) ●
darkness, (AP)
Ⓐ
horse (A) ●
horse, (AP)
Ⓐ
racer (A) ●
racer, (AP)
Ⓐ
gentleman; (A) ●
gentleman, (AP)
Ⓐ
roundabout (AP) ●
round-
| about, (A)
Ⓐ
boot-tops (A) ●
boot-tops, (AP)
Ⓐ
necessary, (A) ●
necessary; (AP)
Ⓐ
two dollars an ounce
(AP) ●
five dollars a letter
(A)
Ⓐ
carry— (A) ●
carry; (AP)
Ⓐ
mail-pockets (A) ●
mail-pockets, (AP)
Ⓐ
thighs (A) ●
thighs, (AP)
Ⓐ
stage-coach (A) ●
stage-
| coach (AP)
Ⓐ
traveled (A) ●
travelled (AP)
Ⓐ
“
here he comes!” (C) ●
“
here he comes.” (A)
not in
(AP)
Ⓐ
twenty-four (A) ●
twenty four (AP)
Ⓐ
hours), (A) ●
hours); (AP)
Ⓐ
procession (A) ●
procession, (AP)
Ⓐ
eastward (AP) ●
eastward, (A)
Ⓐ
livelihood (A) ●
livelihood, (AP)
Ⓐ
other (A) ●
other, (AP)
Ⓐ
Here he comes
(A) ●
Here he comes (AP)
Ⓐ
prairie (A) ●
prairie, (AP)
Ⓐ
changing horses. (A) ●
not in
(AP)
Ⓐ
mail-sack (A) ●
mail-sack, (AP)
Ⓐ
maybe (A) ●
may be (AP)
Ⓐ
mountain crags (C) ●
mountain-crags (A)
Ⓐ
three-thousand-foot (C) ●
three thousand-foot (A)
Textual Notes CHAPTER 8
Ⓐ
In . . . maybe.] This section of the chapter was printed in the
American Publisher
(AP) for May 1871. Since Bliss and Orion had the holograph manuscript and the amanuensis
copy of the passage in Hartford at about the
same time, the AP and A typesettings probably derive independently from Mark Twain’s
manuscript (AP probably from the
amanuensis copy, which in turn derived from the holograph manuscript). No copy-text
is therefore chosen for this passage; instead,
all variants between A and AP are recorded in Emendations, and the reading most in
accord with Mark Twain’s holograph practice
is printed in
[begin page 936] the text. Although there are no substantive variants, the evidence of two spelling
variants (“traveled” and “maybe” in A, versus “travelled” and “may be” in AP)
indicates that the A compositor was not setting from AP, since elsewhere A spelled
these words “travelled” and
“may be,” while Mark Twain spelled them “traveled” and “maybe.” On 20 March 1871,
in a
letter transmitting the amanuensis copy of this passage to Orion and Bliss, Clemens
instructed them to find the passage beginning
with the words, “However, in a little while all interest was taken up in stretching
our necks & watching for the
pony-rider” (
CU-MARK, in
MTLP
, 62). Since the comma after “while” in AP (50.1) is not present in Mark Twain’s letter
or in A,
the presumption must again be that A was typeset from holograph. The punctuation in
AP—numerous commas, and semicolons where A
has commas—is uncharacteristic of Mark Twain, apparently corrupted by both the amanuensis
and the AP compositor. On the other
hand, three commas present in A (at 50.23, twice, and 51.17) but absent from AP were
probably supplied by the A compositor, since the
punctuation of AP was in general heavier than in A. The reading of AP has therefore
been adopted in these three cases, and at 50.6,
where AP “brim full” is Mark Twain’s normal spelling. See also the next note.
Ⓐ
two dollars an
ounce] When Mark Twain submitted his manuscript for publication in AP, he doubted the accuracy
of his figure:
“Refer the marginal note to Orion, about postage. I feel
sure I am wrong, & that it
was
Four Dollars an ounce instead of
Two— —make
the correction, if necessary” (SLC to Bliss and OC, 20 Mar 71,
CU-MARK, in
MTLP
, 62). Although the reading “
two dollars
an ounce” was retained in AP, the figure was corrected—presumably as a result of Orion’s research—to
“
five dollars a letter” in A. Although the latter figure was not wrong, since it reflected the
cost of postage when the pony-express mail service was initiated, Mark Twain’s memory
was more accurate than he had believed:
his original “
two dollars an ounce” (AP) was correct in July 1861 when this incident must have
occurred, and has therefore been retained. The other rate Clemens mentioned in his
letter to Bliss, “
Four Dollars an ounce,” had been in effect until the first of that month (
Hafen, 180; “Pony Express,” St. Louis
Missouri Democrat, 1 July 61, 4;
DAH
, 4:306–7).
Explanatory Notes CHAPTER 8
Ⓔ carrying letters nineteen
hundred miles in eight days] The pony express provided mail service—at first weekly,
and then semiweekly—for
nearly nineteen months, starting on 3 April 1860; it was officially discontinued on
26 October 1861, two days after the completion of
the overland telegraph line.
The service had been established by the freighting firm of Russell,
Majors and Waddell (which also owned the Central Overland California and Pike’s Peak
Express Company) to demonstrate the
practicality of the central route, in an attempt to win the overland-mail contract
away from the Butterfield Overland Mail. The full
nineteen-hundred-mile route, from St. Joseph to Sacramento, required about ten days
of nonstop travel, in relays, with each rider
[begin page 583] covering at least fifty miles (and sometimes as much as a hundred). By late July 1861,
when the Clemenses
started overland, telegraph stations had been established some fifty miles west of
Fort Kearny, Nebraska, and the same distance east
of Fort Churchill, Nevada; the transmission of messages therefore required pony-express
travel only between these two stations, which
took as little as eight days (
Chapman, 301;
Hafen, 169–74, 179, 185–87;
Blair, 560).
Ⓔ the blackness of darkness]
Jude 13.
Ⓔ
two dollars an
ounce] The cost of operating the pony express turned out to be much greater than the income
generated, contributing to the
eventual bankruptcy of Russell, Majors and Waddell.
The initial fee for a letter was five dollars
per half ounce, in addition to the basic ten-cent United States postage. Over the
life of the service, the charge was gradually
reduced: at the time of the Clemens brothers’ trip it had recently been cut to the
rate named here (
Hafen, 180; “Pony Express,” St. Louis
Missouri Democrat, 1 July 61, 4;
DAH
, 4:306–7; see the textual note at 50.27).
Ⓔ the Indian mail
robbery and massacre of 1856 . . . Babbitt, survived the massacre, . . . desperately
wounded]
Undoubtedly based on a story which the brothers heard and which Orion recorded in
his journal, Mark Twain’s account conflates
several related incidents involving Cheyenne Indians, mislocates them by a hundred
miles or more, and supplies a fictional
embellishment—the “desperately wounded” survivor.
On 24 August 1856, near Fort
Kearny (about two hundred and fifty miles east of the scene of Mark Twain’s account),
a frightened mail conductor fired on two
young Indians who approached to ask for tobacco. One of the Indians responded by wounding
him with an arrow, but was restrained and
punished by his fellow tribesmen. The following day soldiers from Fort Kearny retaliated
by attacking the offending group of Indians,
killing at least six, wounding many others, and taking their horses and other possessions.
The surviving Indians then attacked a small
wagon train carrying official supplies to the Utah government on behalf of Almon Whiting
Babbitt (1813–56), secretary of Utah
Territory since 1853. Two members of the company, which did not include Babbitt, survived
the attack. Babbitt himself and two
companions were killed thirteen days later, on 7 September, about a hundred miles
east of the spot identified by Mark Twain. The
Cheyenne plundered Babbitt’s light carriage, taking his mules, jewelry, and gold coin
(
supplement A, item 1;
McClelland, 1:650–54;
Jefferson Davis, 106–12;
Schindler, 230–36;
Joseph Smith, 76;
Jenson, 1:284–86;
Van Wagoner and Walker, 5–9).