Explanatory Notes
See Headnote
Apparatus Notes
See Headnotes
CHAPTER 58
[begin page 396]

CHAPTER 58

For a few months I enjoyed what to me was an entirely new phase of existence—a butterfly idleness; nothing to do, nobody to be responsible to, and untroubled with financial uneasiness. I fell in love with the most cordial and sociable city in the Union. After the sage-brush and alkali deserts of Washoe, San Francisco was Paradise to me. I lived at the best hotel, exhibited my clothes in the most conspicuous places, infested the opera, and learned to seem enraptured with music which oftener afflicted my ignorant ear than enchanted it, if I had had the vulgar honesty to confess it. However, I suppose I was not greatly worse than the most of my countrymen in that. I had longed to be a butterfly, and I was one at last. I attended private parties in sumptuous evening dress, simpered and aired my graces like a born beau, and polked and schottisched with a step peculiar to myself—and the kangaroo. In a word, I kept the due state of a man worth a hundred thousand dollars (prospectively,) and likely to reach absolute affluenceexplanatory note when that silver-mine sale should be ultimately achieved in the eastemendation. I spent money with a free hand, and meantime watched the stock sales with an interested eye and looked to see what might happen in Nevada.

Something very important happened. The property holders of Nevada voted against the State Constitution; but the folks who had nothing to lose were in the majority, and carried the measure over their heads. But after all it did not immediately look like a disaster, though unquestionably it was oneexplanatory note. I hesitated, calculated the chances, and then concluded not to sell. Stocks went on rising; speculation went mad; bankers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, mechanics, laborers, even the very washerwomen and servant girls, were putting up their earnings on silver stocks, and every sun that rose in the morning went down on paupers enriched and rich men beggared. What a gambling carnival it was! Gould &emendation Curry soared [begin page 397] to six thousand three hundred dollars a foot! And then—all of a sudden, out went the bottom and everything and everybody went to ruin and destruction! The wreck was complete. The bubble scarcely left a microscopic moisture behind it. I was an early beggar and a thorough one. My hoarded stocks were not worth the paper they were printed onexplanatory note. I threw them all away. I, the cheerful idiot that had been squandering money like water, and thought myself beyond the reach of misfortune, had not now as much as fifty dollars when I gathered together my various debts and paid them. I removed from the hotel to a very private boarding house. I took a reporter’s berth and went to workexplanatory note. I was not entirely broken in spirit, for I was building confidently on the sale of the silver mine in the east. But I could not hear from Dan. My letters miscarried or were not answered.

the grace of a kangaroo.

One day I did not feel vigorous and remained away from the office. The next day I went down toward noon as usual, and found a note on my desk which had been there twenty-four hours. It was [begin page 398] signed “Marshall”—the Virginia reporter—and contained a request that I should call at the hotel and see him and a friend or two that night, as they would sail for the east in the morningexplanatory note. A postscript added that their errand was a big mining speculation! I was

dreams dissipated.
hardly ever so sick in my life. I abused myself for leaving Virginia and entrusting to another man a matter I ought to have attended to myself; I abused myself for remaining away from the office on the one day of all the year that I should have been there. And thus berating myself I trotted a mile to the steamer wharf and arrived just in time to be too late. The ship was in the stream and under way.

I comforted myself with the thought that maybeemendation the speculation would amount to nothing—poor comfort at best—and then went back to my slavery, resolved to put up with my thirty-five dollars a weekexplanatory note and forget all about it.

A month afterward I enjoyed my first earthquakeemendation. It was one which was long called the “great” earthquake, and is doubtless so distinguished till this day. It was just after noon, on a bright October dayexplanatory note. I was coming down Third street. The only objects in motion anywhere in sight in that thickly built and populous quarter, were a man in a buggy behind me, and a street car wending slowly up the cross street. Otherwise, all was solitude and a Sabbath stillness. As I turned the corner, around a frame house, there was a great rattle and jar, and it occurred to me that here was an item!—no doubt a fight in that house. Before I could turn and seek the door, there came a really terrific shock; the ground seemed to roll under me in waves, interrupted by a violent joggling up and down, and there was a heavy grinding noise as of brick houses rubbing together. I fell up against the frame house and hurt my elbow. I knew what it was, now, and from mere reportorial instinct, nothing else, took out my watch and noted the time of day; at that moment a third and still severer shock came, and as I reeled about on the pavement trying to keep my footing, I saw a sight! The entire front [begin page 399] of a tall four-story brick building in Third street sprung outward like a door and fell sprawling across the street, raising a dust like a great volume of smoke! And here came the buggy—overboard went the man, and in less time than I can tell it the vehicle was distributed in small fragments along three hundred yards of street. One could have fancied that somebody had fired a charge of chairrounds and rags down the thoroughfare. The street car had stopped, the horses were rearing and plunging, the passengers were pouring out at both ends, and one fat man had crashed half way through a glass window on one side of the car, got wedged fast and was squirming and screaming like an impaled madman. Every door, of every house, as far as the eye could reach, was vomiting a stream of human beings; and almost before one could execute a wink and begin another, there was a massed multitude of people stretching in endless procession down every street my position commanded. Never was solemn solitude turned into teeming life quicker.

the “one-horse shay” outdone emendation.

Of the wonders wrought by “the great earthquake,” these were all that came under my eye; but the tricks it did, elsewhere, and far [begin page 400] and wide over the town, made toothsome gossip for nine days. The destruction of property was trifling—the injury to it was wide-spread and somewhat serious.

hard on the innocents.

The “curiosities” of the earthquake were simply endless.

dry bones shaken.
Gentlemen and ladies who were sick, or were taking a siesta, or had dissipated till a late hour and were making up lost sleep, thronged into the public streets in all sorts of queer apparel, and some without any at all. One woman who had been washing a naked child, ran down the street holding it by the ankles as if it were a dressed turkey. Prominent citizens who were supposed to keep the Sabbath strictly, rushed out of saloons in their shirt-sleeves, with billiard cues in their hands. Dozens of men with necks swathed in napkins, rushed from barber-shops, lathered to the eyes or with one cheek clean shaved and the other still bearing a hairy stubble. Horses broke from stables, and a frightened dog rushed up a short attic ladder and out on to a roof, and when his scare was over had not the nerve to go down again the same way he had gone up. A prominent editor flew down stairs, in the principal hotel, with nothing on but one brief undergarment—met a chambermaid, and exclaimed:

“Oh, what shall I do! Where shall I go!”

She responded with naive serenity:

“If you have no choice, you might try a clothing-store!”

[begin page 401]
oh, what shall i do!emendation

A certain foreign consul’s lady was the acknowledged leader of fashion, and every time she appeared in anything new or extraordinary, the ladies in the vicinity made a raid on their husbands’ purses and arrayed themselves similarly. One man who had suffered considerably and growled accordingly, was standing at the window when the shocks came, and the next instant the consul’s wife, just out of the bath, fled by with no other apology for clothing than—a bath-towel! The sufferer rose superior to the terrors of the earthquake, and said to his wife:

“Now that is something like! emendation Get out your towel my dear!”

get out your towel my dear!emendation

The plastering that fell from ceilings in San Francisco that day, [begin page 402] would have covered several acres of ground. For some days afterward, groups of eyeing and pointing men stood about many a building, looking at long zig-zag cracks that extended from the eaves to the ground. Four feet of the tops of three chimneys on one house were broken square off and turned around in such a way as to completely stop the draft. A crack a hundred feet long gaped open six inches wide in the middle of one street and then shut together again with such force, as to ridge up the meeting earth like a slender grave. A lady sitting in her rocking and quaking parlor, saw the wall part at the ceiling, open and shut twice, like a mouth, and then—droptextual note emendation the end of a brick on the floor like a tooth. She was a woman easily disgusted with foolishness, and she arose and went out of there. One lady who was coming down stairs was astonished to see a bronze Hercules lean forward on its pedestal as if to strike her with its club. They both reached the bottom of the flight at the same time,—the woman insensible from the fright. Her child, born some little time afterward, was club-footed. However—on second thought,—if the reader sees any coincidence in this, he must do it at his own risk.

we will omit the benediction!”emendation

The first shock brought down two or three huge organ-pipes in one of the churches. The minister, with uplifted hands, was just closing the services. He glanced up, hesitated, and said:

“However, we will omit the benediction!”—and the next instant there was a vacancy in the atmosphere where he had stood.

After the first shock, an Oakland minister said:

“Keep your seats! There is no better place to die than this”—

And added, after the third:

“But outside is good enough!” He then skipped out at the back door.

[begin page 403] Such another destruction of mantel ornaments and toilet bottles as the earthquake created, San Francisco never saw before. There was hardly a girl or a matron in the city but suffered losses of this kind. Suspended pictures were thrown down, but oftener still, by a curious freak of the earthquake’s humor, they were whirled completely around with their faces to the wall! There was great difference of opinion, at first, as to the course or direction the earthquake traveled, but water that splashed out of various tanks and buckets settled that. Thousands of people were made so sea-sick by the rolling and pitching of floors and streets that they were weak and bedriddenemendation for hours, and some few for even days afterward.emendation Hardly an individual escaped nausea entirely.

The queer earthquake-episodesemendation that formed the staple of San Francisco gossip for the next week would fill a much larger book than this, and so I will diverge from the subject.

By and by, in the due course of things, I picked up a copy of the Enterprise one day, and fell under this cruel blow:

Nevada Mines in New York.—G. M. Marshall, Sheba Hurstemendation and Amos H. Rose, who left San Francisco last July for New York City, with ores from mines in Pine Wood District, Humboldt County, and on the Reese River range, have disposed of a mine containing six thousand feet and called the Pine Mountains Consolidated, for the sum of $3,000,000. The stamps on the deed, which is now on its way to Humboldt County, from New York, for record, amounted to $3,000, which is said to be the largest amount of stamps ever placed on one document. A working capital of $1,000,000 has been paid into the treasury, and machinery has already been purchased for a large quartz mill, which will be put up as soon as possible. The stock in this company is all full paid and entirely unassessable. The ores of the mines in this district somewhat resemble those of the Sheba mine in Humboldt. Sheba Hurst, the discoverer of the mines, with his friends corralled all the best leads and all the land and timber they desired before making public their whereabouts. Ores from there, assayed in this city, showed them to be exceedingly rich in silver and gold—silver predominating. There is an abundance of wood and water in the District. We are glad to know that New York capital has been enlisted in the development of the mines of this region. Having seen the ores and assays, we are satisfied that the mines of the District are very valuable—anything but wild-catexplanatory note.textual note

Once more native imbecility had carried the day, and I had lost a million! It was the “blind lead” over again.

Let us not dwell on this miserable matter. If I were inventing [begin page 404] these things, I could be wonderfully humorous over them; but they are too true to be talked of with hearty levity, even at this distant day.* Suffice it that I so lost heart, and so yielded myself up to repinings and sighings and foolish regrets, that I neglected my duties and became about worthless, as a reporter for a brisk newspaper. And at last one of the proprietors took me aside, with a charity I still remember with considerable respect, and gave me an opportunity to resign my berth and so save myself the disgrace of a dismissalexplanatory note.



*True, and yet not exactly as given in the above figures, possibly. I saw Marshall, months afterwardexplanatory note, and although he had plenty of money he did not claim to have captured an entire million. In fact I gathered that he had not then received $50,000. Beyond that figure his fortune appeared to consist of uncertain vast expectations rather than prodigious certainties. However, when the above item appeared in print I put full faith in it, and incontinently wilted and went to seed under it.
Editorial Emendations CHAPTER 58
  east (C)  ●  East (A) 
  & (C)  ●  and (A) 
  maybe (C)  ●  may be (A) 
  earthquake (C)  ●  earth-  |  quake (A) 
  outdone  (C)  ●  out-done  (A) 
  shall i do! (C)  ●  shall i do? (A) 
  like!  (C)  ●  like! (A) 
  towel my dear! (C)  ●  towel, my dear. (A) 
  then—drop (C)  ●  then-drop (A) 
  benediction!” (C)  ●  benediction.  (A) 
  bedridden (C)  ●  bed-ridden (A) 
  afterward. (C)  ●  afterward.— (A) 
  earthquake-episodes (C)  ●  earthquake—episodes (A) 
  Hurst (C)  ●  Hurs (A) 
Textual Notes CHAPTER 58
 then—drop] It is by no means certain how the clearly erroneous A reading, “then-drop,” occurred, but it seems likely that a dash, and not a hyphen, was intended, since the dash is used elsewhere in this chapter for just such a dramatic pause as seems appropriate here: see the dash at 401.12–14: “no other apology for clothing than—a bathtowel!” A reverse substitution occurred at 403.13, where A reads “earthquake—episodes,” suggesting that the two marks of punctuation were mixed together in the compositor’s case.
  Nevada . . . wild-cat.] No printing of this extract from the Enterprise—which is not extant for this period—has been found, so A is necessarily copy-text.
Explanatory Notes CHAPTER 58
  For a few months I enjoyed . . . a butterfly idleness . . . the due state of a man . . . likely to reach absolute affluence] Clemens’s period of idleness actually lasted for only a week (see the note at 397.10–11). After the dust and wind of Washoe, however, his hotel, the Occidental, seemed like “Heaven on the half shell,” and life in San Francisco was [begin page 696] exhilarating: “The birds, and the flowers, and the Chinamen, and the winds, and the sunshine, and all things that go to make life happy, are present in San Francisco” (SLC 1864h). The amusements Mark Twain describes in this paragraph reflect to some extent his first visit to San Francisco a year earlier, in May and June 1863. At that time he enjoyed the luxuries of the Occidental Hotel and the Lick House, attended the opera, “lived like a lord,” speculated feverishly, and moved, he claimed, in “the very best society to be found in San Francisco” ( L1 , 252–61, 302–3).
 The property holders of Nevada voted against the State Constitution . . . unquestionably it was one] Presumably to intensify the dramatic impact of his 1864 financial reverses, Clemens misrepresented the facts surrounding the ratification of the constitution and inaccurately blamed it for the 1864 depression. As mentioned earlier (see the note at 376.12–18), the first proposed state constitution was rejected in January 1864, largely because of its provision for a mining-property tax—a provision that Clemens, among others, feared would be an economic burden on mining interests. Nevertheless, in spite of this rejection a significant depression set in (caused at least in part by the effects of chronic litigation over mining laws), which worsened throughout 1864. A revised constitution, which many believed would benefit the economy, was drafted during the summer; it provided for the taxation of net mining proceeds, while exempting unproductive mining property. With the united support of both large and small mining interests, this constitution was ratified by an overwhelming majority of the voters on 7 September 1864 (Elliott, 36, 41, 283 n. 11).
 Stocks went on rising . . . My hoarded stocks were not worth the paper they were printed on] When Clemens arrived in San Francisco, a downward slide in mining-stock values had already begun, which continued (although mitigated by occasional rallies) through 1865. Nevertheless, there is some truth to his description of a frenzied “gambling carnival,” a condition that evidently persisted in spite of falling prices. On 22 May a reporter for the San Francisco Morning Call deplored current uncontrolled mining speculation, the “insane traffic in all sorts of mining stocks” by “demented creatures” with “feet on the brain.” Recent failures and suicides, he continued, were “slight tremblings” betokening “the financial earthquake approaching” (“The Mining Mania,” 22 May 64, 2; Grant H. Smith, 48–50, 99). The Call’s prediction proved correct: the decline in stock prices became precipitous in June and July, wiping out many wildcat-mine investors like Clemens (whose losses, however, have not been documented). In the week ending 30 July, for example, Gould and Curry stock fell from about $1,600 to $1,000 per foot. (The price of $6,300 for Gould and Curry stock mentioned at 397.1 was a year out of date: the stock had peaked at that level [begin page 697] in June 1863.) An item in the Call for 28 July, almost certainly written by Clemens, described the Gould and Curry’s “mighty descent,” which “mashed and flattened out all the little wild-cats like mice under a deadfall” (SLC 1864k; Mining and Scientific Press: “San Francisco Stock and Exchange Board and Pacific Board of Brokers,” 9 [30 July 64]: 69; “San Francisco Stock and Exchange Board,” 6 [29 June 63]: 5).
 I removed from the hotel to a very private boarding house. I took a reporter’s berth and went to work] Clemens started working as the local reporter for the San Francisco Morning Call around 6 June, much earlier than he implies here. It has not been established when he and Steve Gillis moved together from the Occidental to a boarding house, but by 15 July they had already relocated once again, leaving behind an irate landlady who reportedly described the two of them to Gillis’s father as “a couple of desperate characters from Washoe—gamblers and murderers of the very worst description!” ( L1 , 303).
 It was signed “Marshall” . . . as they would sail for the east in the morning] Marshall, Hurst, and Rose embarked from San Francisco on 4 July 1864 aboard the Golden City: see the notes at 379.7–10 and 379.15–30.
 thirty-five dollars a week] When Clemens first went to work for the Morning Call his salary was forty dollars a week; by 25 September, however, he had given up night work and accepted a lower wage: “I told the ‘Call’ folks to pay me $25 a week, & let me work only in daylight” ( L1 , 302, 312).
 A month afterward I enjoyed my first earthquake . . . on a bright October day] Clemens freely reordered the chronology of the events of 1864 and 1865 in chapters 58 through 61 of Roughing It. The severe earthquake of 8 October 1865 occurred not one month, but fifteen months after Marshall and his companions sailed for New York, and more than seven months after Clemens’s return to San Francisco from the mining camps of Tuolumne and Calaveras counties (see chapters 60 and 61). Clemens published four sketches about the quake that have survived wholly or in part, and possibly others no longer extant. His Roughing It account draws on details recorded in three of the surviving sketches—“The Cruel Earthquake,” “Popper Defieth Ye Earthquake,” and “The Great Earthquake in San Francisco”—and, no doubt, upon his recollection of the anecdotes and “toothsome gossip” that circulated in the city for days following the quake (SLC 1865s–u, 1865aa).
 

Nevada Mines in New York . . . wild-cat.] The Territorial Enterprise printing of this article is not known to survive. It probably appeared on 8 November 1864, the day on which a virtually identical report was published in the Virginia City Union (“Sale of a Nevada Mine in New York City,” 2). In a later article the Union explained the [begin page 698] eastern system of organizing mining companies, which it deemed superior to the western system:

A number of capitalists bargain with the owners of the mine to give them a certain sum of money and a certain portion of the stock for it. They then form a joint stock incorporation; issue, say one-half of the stock and sell it in the market for cash, which constitutes the “working fund.” The stock, it must be borne in mind, is made unassessable. . . . As work is done and machinery erected the mine becomes valuable and the stock saleable, enabling the originators who hold the balance of the stock to sell, and thus realize more money. (“How Our Mines are Sold in the Eastern Market,” Virginia City Union, 16 Nov 64, 2)

Hurst (nicknamed “Sheba” from his most famous mine), Rose, and Marshall thus received a large lump-sum payment and a sizeable block of unassessable shares. Clemens may only have learned of their lucrative deal during his stay at Angel’s Camp, when he made the following entry in his notebook (probably on 24 January 1865), which suggests little or no personal knowledge of the transaction: “Geo N. Marshall, Geo. Hurst & another have sold a new mine in Humboldt for $3,000,000 in N. York” ( N&J1 , 73). In discussing “abortive mining enterprises” in his Story of the Mine, Charles Howard Shinn may have been alluding to the sale of “Pine Mountains Consolidated”: “Over in the lava of Pine Woods district in 1863 some Virginia City men sold a group of mythical mines and received a very large payment down. The New York buyers spent another fortune and departed, leaving the holes in the desert” (Shinn, 143).

 

I neglected my duties . . . one of the proprietors . . . save myself the disgrace of a dismissal] On or about 10 October 1864 George E. Barnes, one of the proprietors of the San Francisco Morning Call, gave Clemens the opportunity—which he took—to resign his position as local reporter. As Barnes later recalled, Clemens left the Call “on the most friendly terms, when it was found necessary to make the local department more efficient, admitting his reportorial shortcomings and expressing surprise they were not sooner discovered” (Barnes, 1; CofC , 23–24). One of the Call’s other proprietors, James J. Ayers, admitted that Clemens’s resignation was a relief:

However valuable his services had proven to a Nevada paper, where he might give full play to his fertile imagination and dally with facts to suit his fancy, that kind of reporting on a newspaper in a settled community, where the plain, unvarnished truth was an essential element in the duties of a reporter, could hardly be deemed satisfactory. It was true that we had long desired to dispense with Mark’s services, but had a delicacy about bluntly telling him so. (Ayers, 223–24)

 I saw Marshall, months afterward] Clemens encountered Marshall in San Francisco in December 1865, and satirized his tiresome and profane travel reminiscences in a letter to the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise written on 23 December (SLC 1865ff).