Explanatory Notes
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Apparatus Notes
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CHAPTER 35
[begin page 228]

CHAPTER 35

When we finally left for Esmeralda, horseback, we had an addition to the companyexplanatory note in the person of Capt. John Nye, the Governor’s brother. He had a good memory, and a tongue hung in the middleexplanatory note. This is a combination which gives immortality to conversation. Capt. John never suffered the talk to flag or falter once during the hundred and twenty miles of the journey. In addition to his conversational powers, he had one or two other endowments of a marked character. One was a singular “handiness” about doing anything and everything, from laying out a railroad or organizing a political party, down to sewing on buttons, shoeing a horse, or setting a broken leg, or a hen. Another was a spirit of accommodation that prompted him to take the needs, difficulties and perplexities of anybody and everybody upon his own shoulders at any and all times, and dispose of them with admirable facility and alacrity—hence he always managed to find vacant beds in crowded inns, and plenty to eat in the emptiest larders. And finally, wherever he met a man, woman or child, in camp, inn or desert, he either knew such parties personally or had been acquainted with a relative of the same. Such another traveling comrade was never seen before. I cannot forbear giving a specimen of the way in which he overcame difficulties. On the second day out, we arrived, very tired and hungry, at a poor little inn in the desert, and were told that the house was full, no provisions on hand, and neither hay nor barley to spare for the horses—we must move on. The rest of us wanted to hurry on while it was yet light, but Capt. John insisted on stopping awhile. We dismounted and entered. There was no welcome for us on any face. Capt. John began his blandishments, and within twenty minutes he had accomplished the following things, viz.: found old acquaintances in three teamsters; discovered that he used to go to school with the landlord’s mother; recognized his [begin page 229] wife as a lady whose life he had saved once in California, by stopping her runaway horse; mended a child’s broken toy and won the favor of its mother, a guest of the inn; helped the hostler bleed a horse, and prescribed for another horse that had the “heaves;”emendation treated the entire party three times at the landlord’s bar; produced a later paper than anybody had seen for a week and sat himself down to read the news to a deeply interested audience. The result, summed up, was as follows: The hostler found plenty of feed for our horses; we had a trout supper, an exceedingly sociable time after it, good beds to sleep in, and a surprising breakfast in the morning—and when we left, we left lamented by all! Capt. John had some bad traits, but he had some uncommonly valuable ones to offset them with.

we left lamented.

Esmeralda was in many respects another Humboldt, but in a little more forward state. The claims we had been paying assessments on were entirely worthless, and we threw them away. The principal one cropped out of the top of a knoll that was fourteen feet high, and the inspired Board of Directors were running a tunnel under that knoll to strike the ledge. The tunnel would have to be seventy feet long, and would then strike the ledge at the same depth that a shaft twelve feet deep would have reached! The Board were living on the “assessments.” [N. B.—This hint comes too late for the enlightenment of New York silver miners; they have already learned all about this neat trick by experience.] The Board had no desire to strike the ledge, knowing that it was as barren of silver as a curb-stoneexplanatory note emendation. This reminiscence calls to mind Jim Townsend’s [begin page 230] tunnel. He had paid assessments on a mine called the “Daley” till he was well-nigh penniless. Finally an assessment was levied to run a tunnel two hundred and fifty feet on the Daley, and Townsend went up on the hill to look into matters. He found the Daley cropping out of the apex of an exceedingly sharp-pointed peak, and a couple of men up there “facing” the proposed tunnel. Townsend made a calculation. Then he said to the men:

“So you have taken a contract to run a tunnel into this hill two hundred and fifty feet to strike this ledge?”

“Yes, sir.”

“Well, do you know that you have got one of the most expensive and arduous undertakings before you that was ever conceived by man?”

“Why no—how is that?”

“Because this hill is only twenty-five feet through from side to side; and so you have got to build two hundred and twenty-five feet of your tunnel on trestle-workexplanatory note!”

The ways of silver mining Boards are exceedingly dark and sinuous.

picture of townsend’s tunnel.

We took up various claims, and commenced shafts and tunnels on them, but never finished any of them. We had to do a certain amount of work on each to “hold” it, else other parties could seize [begin page 231] our property after the expiration of ten days. We were always hunting up new claims and doing a little work on them and then waiting for a buyer—who never came. We never found any ore that would yield more than fifty dollars a ton; and as the mills charged fifty dollars a ton for working ore and extracting the silver, our pocket-money melted steadily away and none returned to take its place. We lived in a little cabin and cooked for ourselves; and altogether it was a hard life, though a hopeful one—for we never ceased to expect fortune and a customer to burst upon us some dayexplanatory note.

At last, when flour reached a dollar a pound, and money could not be borrowed on the best security at less than eight per cent a month (I being without the security, too), I abandoned mining and went to milling. That is to say, I went to work as a common laborer in a quartz mill, at ten dollars a week and boardexplanatory note.

Editorial Emendations CHAPTER 35
  heaves;” (C)  ●  heaves”; (A) 
  curb-stone (C)  ●  curbstone (A) 
Explanatory Notes CHAPTER 35
  When we finally left for Esmeralda . . . we had an addition to the company] This second trip of Clemens’s to Aurora, in the Esmeralda district (he had visited the area previously in September 1861: see the note at 175.13–14), came early in April 1862 after several weeks spent in Carson City. As noted earlier, the Roughing It narrative telescopes the actual chronology; it also implies that Mark Twain’s traveling party still included his Humboldt friends Ballou (Tillou) and Ollendorff (Pfersdorff). Clemens’s actual traveling companions have not been identified; Ballou, however, was probably not one of them (see the note at 197.15–16).
 Capt. John Nye, the Governor’s brother . . . a tongue hung in the middle] John Nye emigrated to California in 1848 after living for some years in Alabama, where he left a wife; unlike his brother, Governor James Nye, he was evidently a Southern sympathizer during the Civil War. He was “an enthusiastic entrepreneur in mining and timber projects and an incorporator of the Aurora and Walker River Railroad,” and a principal in John Nye and Company, which located timber claims at Lake Tahoe in August 1861 ( L1 , 134 n. 2; see also the note at 147.17–18). Listed as a resident of Aurora in 1863, he moved to San Francisco soon thereafter: his name appears in San Francisco directories from 1864 through 1901, primarily as a real-estate agent. In 1867—68 Nye was also the steward of the United States Marine Hospital in San Francisco. In March 1868 the Washington, D.C., correspondent of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin noted the presence of “Capt. Nye of San Francisco” in the capital and characterized him as an effective and influential lobbyist for federal appointments on the Pacific Coast, “one of the fiercest and most vehement talkers that is to be found anywhere” (Jorkins, 5; Nye-Starr, 95, 96, 100–101; Kelly 1863, 432; Langley 1867, 373).
 The Board were living on the “assessments.” . . . the ledge . . . was as barren of silver as a curb-stone] Eastern capitalists, like other investors in mining property, were subject to frequent, onerous, and sometimes fraudulent assessments. In January 1863 easterners, principally New Yorkers, were reported to be investing heavily in Washoe mines. By the spring of 1864 this practice had “become all the rage in New York City,” where “the people take as lively an interest in ‘feet’ . . . as we do here” (Mining and Scientific Press: “Lively Times” and “Eastern Capital,” 8 [14 May 64]: 329; “Stock Remarks,” 6 [12 Jan 63]: 5). Mark Twain’s remarks recall his bitter indictment of mining- [begin page 634] company assessment policies—in particular, those of the Hale and Norcross company, in which he owned stock—in the San Francisco Morning Call of 19 August 1864 (SLC 1864l ; L1 , 309 n. 5, 319 n. 5).
 Jim Townsend’s tunnel . . . two hundred and twenty-five feet of your tunnel on trestle-work] Mark Twain included a version of this tale in a letter to the San Francisco Alta California published on 26 May 1867 (SLC 1867e). James William Emery (“Lying Jim”) Townsend (1838—1900) learned the printing trade in his home state of New Hampshire and began his journalism career on the San Francisco Golden Era in 1859, working alongside Joseph Goodman, Bret Harte, and Denis McCarthy (see the notes at 274.25–26, 405.4, and 537.4). He worked as a printer on the Territorial Enterprise from the fall of 1862 until the winter of 1863–64, when he joined the staff of the Virginia City Union. For the next forty years he was connected with a variety of California and Nevada newspapers as a printer, reporter, editor, and proprietor. Townsend, perhaps the original of Harte’s “Truthful James,” became widely known on the Pacific Coast as a wit and a raconteur of Münchausen-like adventures. Examples of his humorous journalism may be found in Lying on the Eastern Slope (Dwyer and Lingenfelter, 7–16). “Daley” is evidently a fictional name.
 We took up various claims . . . we never ceased to expect fortune . . . to burst upon us some day] This paragraph sums up Clemens’s unrewarding efforts, made with such friends as Robert Howland, Horatio Phillips, and Calvin Higbie, to locate and work numerous mines in Aurora from April to September 1862 ( L1 , 184–241 passim).
 I went to work as a common laborer in a quartz mill, at ten dollars a week and board] Clemens worked in Joshua E. Clayton’s mill on Martinez Hill just east of Aurora for about a week during the latter part of June 1862. Clayton proposed to teach Clemens his process for reducing gold and silver ore. Clemens wrote to Orion on 2 June, “When I have learned it, he wants Raish Horatio Phillips and me to go out to Humboldt, get it used by Humboldt Mills, and stay there and work it.” One week later he claimed in another letter to his brother, “I know all the chemicals, and the manner of using them, shall begin practice in a week or so” ( L1 , 188 n. 9, 194 n. 3, 216, 219). Many years afterward, in 1906, Clemens again described his pay as “ten dollars a week and board,” claiming that “the board was worth while, because it consisted not only of bacon, beans, coffee, bread, and molasses, but we had stewed dried apples every day in the week” (AD, 27 Mar 1906, CU-MARK, in MTA , 2:258).