Explanatory Notes
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Apparatus Notes
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CHAPTER 2
[begin page 4]

CHAPTER 2

The first thing we did on that glad evening that landed us at St. Joseph was to hunt up the stage-office, and pay a hundred and fifty dollars apiece for ticketsexplanatory note per overland coach to Carson City, Nevada.

The next morning, bright and early, we took a hasty breakfast, and hurried to the starting-place. Then an inconvenience presented itself which we had not properly appreciated before, namely, that one cannot make a heavy traveling trunk stand for twenty-five pounds of baggage—because it weighs a good deal more. But that was all we could take—twenty-five pounds each. So

light traveling order.
we had to snatch our trunks open, and make a selection in a good deal of a hurry. We put our lawful twenty-five pounds apiece all in one valise, and shipped the trunks back to St. Louis again. It was a sad parting, for now we had no swallow-tail coats and white kid gloves to wear at Pawnee receptions in the Rocky Mountains, and no stove-pipeemendation hats nor patent-leather boots, nor anything else necessary to make life calm and peaceful. We were reduced to a war-footing. Each of us put on a rough, heavy suit of clothing, woolen army shirt and “stogy” boots included; and into the valise we crowded a few white shirts, some underclothingemendation and such things. My brother, the Secretary, took along about four pounds of U. S.emendation statutes and six pounds of Unabridged Dictionary; for we did not know—poor [begin page 5] innocents—that such things could be bought in San Francisco on one day and received in Carson City the next. I was armed to the teeth with a pitiful little Smith & Wesson’s seven-shooteremendation, which carried a ball like a homĵopathic pill, and it took the whole seven
the “allen.”
to make a dose for an adult. But I thought it was grand. It appeared to me to be a dangerous weapon. It only had one fault—you could not hit anything with itexplanatory note. One of our “conductors” practiced awhile on a cow with it, and as long as she stood still and behaved herself she was safe; but as soon as she went to moving about, and he got to shooting at other things, she came to grief. The Secretary had a small-sized Colt’s revolver strapped around him for protection against the Indians, and to guard against accidents he carried it uncapped. Mr. George Bemisexplanatory note was dismally formidable. George Bemis was our fellow-traveler. We had never seen him before. He wore in his belt an old original “Allen” revolver, such as irreverent people called a “pepper-boxemendation.”explanatory note Simply drawing the trigger back, cocked and fired the pistol. As the trigger came back, the hammer would begin to rise and the barrel to turn over, and presently down would drop the hammer, and away would speed the ball. To aim along the turning barrel and hit the thing aimed at was a feat which was probably never done with an “Allen” in the world. But George’s was a reliable weapon, nevertheless, because, as one of the stage-drivers afterward said, “If she didn’t get what she went after, she would fetch something else.” And so she did. She went after a deuce of spades nailed against a tree, once, and fetched a mule standing about thirty yards to the left of it. Bemis did not want the mule; but the owner came out with a double-barreled shotgunemendation and persuaded him to buy it, anyhow. It was a cheerful weapon—the “Allen.” Sometimes all its six barrels would go off at once, and then there was no safe place in all the region round about, but behind it.

We took two or three blankets for protection against frosty weather in the mountains. In the matter of luxuries we were modest—we took none along but some pipes and five pounds of smoking [begin page 6] tobacco. We had two large canteens to carry water in, between stations on the Plains, and we also took with us a little shot-bag of silver coin for daily expenses in the way of breakfasts and dinners.

inducements to purchase.

By eight o’clock everything was ready, and we were on the other side of the river. We jumped into the stage, the driver cracked his whip, and we bowled awayexplanatory note and left “the States” behind usexplanatory note. It was a superb summer morning, and all the landscape was brilliant with sunshine. There was a freshness and breeziness, too, and an exhilarating sense of emancipation from all sorts of cares and responsibilities, that almost made us feel that the years we had spent in the close, hot city, toiling and slaving, had been wasted and thrown away. We were spinning along through Kansas, and in the course of an hour and a half we were fairly abroad on the great Plains. Just here the land was rolling—a grand sweep of regular elevations and depressions as far as the eye could reach—like the stately heave and swell of the ocean’s bosom after a storm. And everywhere were cornfields, accenting with squares of deeper green, this limitless expanse of grassy land. But presently this sea upon dry ground was [begin page 7] to lose its “rolling” character and stretch away for seven hundred miles as level as a floor!

Our coach was a great swinging and swaying stage, of the most sumptuous description—an imposing cradle on wheelsexplanatory note. It was drawn by six handsome horses, and by the side of the driver sat the “conductor,” the legitimate captain of the craft; for it was his business to take charge and care of the mails, baggage, express matter, and passengers. We three were the only passengers, this trip. We sat on the back seat, inside.

the facetious driver.
About all the rest of the coach was full of mail-bagsemendation—for we had three days’ delayed mails with usexplanatory note. Almost touching our knees, a perpendicular wall of mail matter rose up to the roof. There was a great pile of it strapped on top of the stage, and both the fore and hind boots were full. We had twenty-seven hundred pounds of it aboard, the driver said—“a little for Brigham, and Carson, and ’Frisco, but the heft of it for the Injuns, which is powerful troublesome ’thout they get plenty of truck to read.” But as he just then got up a fearful convulsion of his countenance which was suggestive of a wink being swallowed by an earthquake, we guessed that his remark was intended to be facetious, and to mean that we would unload the most of our mail matter somewhere on the Plainsexplanatory note and leave it to the Indians, or whosoever wanted it.

We changed horses every ten miles, all day long, and fairly flew over the hard, level road. We jumped out and stretched our legs every time the coach stopped, and so the night found us still vivacious and unfatigued.

After supper a woman got in, who lived about fifty miles further on, and we three had to take turns at sitting outside with the driver and conductor. Apparently she was not a talkative woman. She would sit there in the gathering twilight and fasten her steadfast [begin page 8] eyes on a mosquito rooting into her

pleasing news.
arm, and slowly she would raise her other hand till she had got his range, and then she would launch a slap at him that would have jolted a cow; and after that she would sit and contemplate the corpse with tranquil
the sphynx.
satisfaction—for she never missed her mosquito; she was a dead shot at short range. She never removed a carcase, but left them there for bait. I sat by this grim Sphynx and watched her kill thirty or forty mosquitoes—watched her, and waited for her to say something, but she never did. So I finally opened the conversation myself. I said:

“The mosquitoes are pretty bad, about here, madam.”

“You bet!”

“What did I understand you to say, madam?”

“You bet!”

[begin page 9] Then she cheered up, and faced around and said:

“Danged if I didn’t begin to think you fellers was deef and dumb. I did, b’ gosh. Here I’ve sot, and sot, and sot, a bust’nemendation muskeeters and wonderin’ what was ailin’ ye. Fust I thot you was deef and dumb, then I thot you was sick or crazy, or suthin’, and then by and by I begin to reckon you was a passel of sickly fools that couldn’t think of nothing to say. Wher’d ye come from?”

The Sphynx was a Sphynx no more! The fountains of her great deep were broken up, and she rained the nine parts of speech forty days and forty nightsexplanatory note, metaphorically speaking, and buried usemendation under a desolating deluge of trivial gossip that left not a crag or pinnacle of rejoinder projecting above the tossing waste of dislocated grammar and decomposed pronunciation!

How we suffered, suffered, suffered! She went on, hour after hour, till I was sorry I ever opened the mosquito question and gave her a start. She never did stop again until she got to her journey’s end toward daylight; and then she stirred us up as she was leaving the stage (for we were nodding, by that time), and said:

“Now you git out at Cottonwood, you fellers, and lay over a couple o’ days, and I’ll be along some time to-night, and if I can do ye any good by edgin’ in a word now and then, I’m right thar. Folks ’ll tell you ’t I’ve always ben kind o’ offish and partic’lar for a gal that’s raised in the woods, and I am, with the rag-tag and bob-tail, and a gal has to be, if she wants to be anything, but when people comes along which is my equals, I reckon I’m a pretty sociable heifer after all.”

We resolved not to “lay by at Cottonwood.”

Editorial Emendations CHAPTER 2
  stove-pipe (C)  •  stove-  |  pipe (A) 
  underclothing (C)  •  under-clothing (A) 
  U. S. (C)  •  United States (A) 
  seven-shooter (C)  •  seven-  |  shooter (A) 
  pepper-box (C)  •  pepper-  |  box (A) 
  shotgun (C)  •  shot-  |  gun (A) 
  mail-bags (C)  •  mail bags (A) 
  a bust’n (C)  •  a-bust’n (A) 
  us (Prb A)  •  as (Pra) 
Explanatory Notes CHAPTER 2
 a hundred and fifty dollars apiece for tickets] Mark Twain evidently misremembered the actual cost. The receipt for the two fares, issued by the Central Overland California and Pike’s Peak Express Company on 25 July 1861 for the trip from St. Joseph to Carson City, indicates that after an initial payment of $300, another $100 was due within thirty days, bringing the total to $200 per passenger. Three months later, in October 1861, the fare was reduced to $150, after the start of the line was moved from St. Joseph to nearby Atchison, Kansas (receipt in CU-MARK, facsimile in L1 , 122; “The Overland Mail Route,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, 24 June 61, 3; “Overland Mail” and “Greatly Reduced Rates,” Atchison Freedom’s Champion, 12 Oct 61, 2, 3; Root and Connelley, 44).
 a pitiful little Smith & Wesson’s seven-shooter . . . you could not hit anything with it] Smith and Wesson’s first production, introduced in 1857, was a twenty-two-caliber “Patent Breech-Loading 7 Shot Revolver,” which weighed eight ounces and had a barrel less than four inches long. It was not accurate beyond ten or fifteen yards: “In a day when large-calibered guns were the rule, it must have been regarded as little more than a toy” (McHenry and Roper, 27, 139–40, 182).
 Mr. George Bemis] Presumably Mark Twain invented Bemis. “Capt G. T. Hicher” and one other man accompanied the Clemens brothers when they called on Brigham Young in Salt Lake City (see the note at 92.22–93.3), but nothing has been found to suggest that either man accompanied them from St. Joseph.
 an old original “Allen” revolver . . . a “pepper-box.”] Bemis’s weapon was not properly speaking a revolver (which has a single barrel), but a small-caliber pistol with six barrels (see the illustration on page 5), first manufactured by Ethan Allen in 1837. Its hammer cocked automatically with each pull of the trigger until all of its barrels, which revolved around a common axis, were fired. The name “pepper-box” derived from its resemblance (when viewed from the front) to the “perforations in the top of an old-fashioned pepper shaker.” Such pistols were very popular, in spite of their inaccuracy at a range of more than a few feet (Chapel, 84–88, 92).
  [begin page 577] We jumped into the stage . . . and we bowled away] Orion kept a journal of the trip, which Clemens borrowed to help him write the opening chapters (SLC to OC, 15 July 70, CU-MARK, in MTL , 1:174–75). The journal itself is no longer extant, but some—or possibly all—of its contents survive, transcribed by Orion in a letter of 8 and 9 September 1861 to his wife, Mollie. This journal transcript provides a cursory account of the brothers’ journey, from their 26 July departure from St. Joseph to their 14 August arrival in Carson City, with a brief description of the stopover at Salt Lake City on 6–7 August. It is printed in supplement A, together with a schematic comparison of Orion’s account with the account in Roughing It. Maps 1A–1D in supplement B show the overland route and locate all of the stagecoach stations and other significant landmarks mentioned in the text and notes.
 and left “the States” behind us] After the travelers ferried across the river at St. Joseph they disembarked in Kansas, which had become a state in January 1861; they would not leave “the States” proper until they entered Nebraska Territory (see the note at 12.18–19).
 an imposing cradle on wheels] The Concord coach, manufactured by the Abbot-Downing Company of Concord, New Hampshire, was the standard vehicle used on all the major western stage lines at the time. Its body “rested on stout leather straps, called thorough braces, which rocked the stage body back and forth in a motion more pleasant to passengers than the ordinary jars of a wagon” and also diminished “the violence of jolts transmitted from the coach to the animals” (Hafen, 306; Greever, 44).
 we had three days’ delayed mails with us] On 1 July 1861 daily mail service was begun over a central overland route from St. Joseph to Sacramento. The Central Overland California and Pike’s Peak Express Company (which until July had transported mail only semimonthly) was assigned responsibility for the line from St. Joseph to Salt Lake City, and from there the route was managed by the Butterfield Overland Mail Company, which until March 1861 had been carrying the daily mail over a southern route. The Butterfield Company had abandoned this southern route because of Confederate depredations, and, under an agreement with the Central Overland Company, moved its stock and equipment to the central route. The closure of the southern route, plus the inability of steamers to depart New York City after 20 June, led by early July to the accumulation of over twelve tons of mail at the St. Joseph office, some of which no doubt accompanied the Clemens brothers (Hafen, 92–94, 161, 211–14, 217–18; Conkling and Conkling, 2:325–26, 337–38, “Progress of the Continental Telegraph—The Overland Mail Company—Complaints as to the Newspaper Carriage Answered,” San Francisco Evening Bulletin, 6 Sept 61, 2).
 

[begin page 578] we would unload the most of our mail . . . on the Plains] Contemporary accounts, including the postmaster general’s, confirm that in order to lighten their loads overland drivers sometimes stashed mail (especially printed material) along the route for a later stage to pick up, or even abandoned it altogether. The San Francisco Evening Bulletin commented in September 1861:

Our literary folks subscribe for Harper and the Atlantic, and the people of the Great Basin and eastward get them; our “girls” subscribe for Bonner’s Ledger, and the girls over the mountains get them; our babies’ mothers “take Godey for the patterns,” and the Brigham Young and eastward babies have the benefit of the patterns for their Sunday dresses. (“Literary Overlanders,” 21 Sept 61, 3)

By June 1862 the problem had become so acute that overburdened drivers were even accused of wantonly destroying mail, sometimes while disguised as Indians (Blair, 561; Burton, 214; “The Overland Mail Troubles,” San Francisco Alta California, 23 June 62, 1, reprinting the Carson City Silver Age of 19 June; Chapman, 264–67).

 The fountains of her great deep . . . forty nights] Genesis 7:11–12: “In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life . . . were all the fountains of the great deep broken up . . . . And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.”